Thomas Alva Edison Cornelius Vanderbilt Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Booker T. Washington Celebrities Name Importance Joseph Glidden inventor of barbed wire in 1874 Frederick Jackson Turner a historian and author of the essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” in 1893, which said that the closing of the frontier closed the American safety valve out of discontentment Sitting Bull led the second Sioux War with Crazy Horse, winning at Little Big Horn in 1876 Crazy Horse led the second Sioux War with Sitting Bull George Custer white Colonel defeated at Little Big Horn by the Indians Chief Joseph led a band of Nez Perce Indians into Canada and surrendered in 1877 Helen Hunt Jackson wrote the book, A Century of Dishonor, in 1881, which created sympathy for Indians and advocated assimilation of the Indians George Washington Carver a black scientist from Tuskegee Institute who promoted peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans as important crops to bring variety to agriculture of the South Henry Turner a bishop who made the International Migration Society in 1894, which assisted blacks in moving to Africa Ida B. Wells the editor of a black newspaper, Free Speech, who spoke against lynching and Jim Crow laws, forced to move North when her printing press was destroyed and she received death threats Booker T. Washington a former slave who established the Tuskegee Institute, an industrial school in Alabama to teach skilled trades to blacks, organizer of the National Negro Business League, believer in racial harmony and that money would bring power to blacks, praised by Carnegie and Theodore Roosevelt, he made the Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895, which said that education and economic progress were most important for blacks Oliver H. Kelley founder of the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry in 1868, an organization for farmers and farm families for social and educational benefits Cornelius Vanderbilt millionaire from a steamboat business who merged railroads into New York Central Railroad in 1867, which went from New York City to Chicago Jay Gould a speculator who got rich by selling assets and watering stock in the railroad business J. Piermont Morgan a banker who consolidated bankrupt railroads to stabilize rates and reduce debts during financial panic of 1893, creating a regional railroad monopoly William Vanderbilt son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, inheritor of the Vanderbilt fortune Andrew Carnegie a poor Scottish immigrant who became superintendent of a railroad in Pennsylvania, manufactured Steel in Pittsburgh and used vertical integration to become top of the steel industry by 1900 John D. Rockefeller owned an oil refinery company, Standard Oil Trust, which used horizontal integration to gain a kerosene monopoly Adam Smith an economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations, which said that business should be regulated by supply and demand instead of by the government Charles Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection Herbert Spencer social Darwinist who believed natural selection should be applied to economics William Graham Sumner Yale University professor who said that helping the poor interfered with natural selection and would slow evolution of the human species by preserving the unfit Samuel F. B. Morse inventor of the telegraph in 1844 Cyrus W. Field inventor of a better transatlantic cable in 1866 Alexander Graham Bell inventor of the telephone in 1876 George Eastman inventor of the Kodak camera in 1888 Lewis E. Waterman inventor of fountain pen in 1884 King Gillette inventor of safety razor and blade in 1895 Thomas Edison inventor of many things such as the incandescent lamp, motion picture camera, and phonograph, and establisher of a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey George Westinghouse inventor of air brakes for railroads in 1869 and a transformer for making high-voltage alternating current in 1885 Terence V. Powderly leader of the Knights of Labor starting in 1869, a labor union which became public in 1881 Samuel Gompers leader of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 Henry Clay Frick the manager of Carnegie’s Homestead Steel plant who cut wages by 20% which caused a strike in 1892 - however, he used a lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers until the unsuccessful strike stopped Freferic-Auguste Bartholdi French sculptor of the Statue of Liberty who started working on the Statue of Liberty in the 1870s Frederic Law Olmsted a landscape architect who designed a suburban community featuring a park-like atmosphere, planned city parks and scenic boulevards such as Central Park in NYC and the U.S. Capitol grounds in Washington D.C., designed campuses and parkways Henry George a journalist who wrote the book, Progress and Poverty, which suggested that poverty could be overcome by having only one tax, on land Edward Bellamy author of the book Looking Backward in 1888, which was about a society in the future without poverty, greed, or crime Jane Addams starter of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, a settlement house which helped immigrants to learn English and music, experience neighborhood theatres, and provide education for their children Dwight Moody the Protestant creator of Moody Bible Institute in 1889, which helped traditional Christianity adapt to city life Mary Baker Eddy she taught that health came from correct thinking about “FatherMotherGod” and founded the Church of Christ, Scientist or Christian Science, which had become popular by 1910 Carry A. Nation a woman who raided saloons and smashed beer barrels with a hatchet because she was for temperance and too impatient to wait for the laws to change Anthony Comstock he formed the Society for the Suppression of Vice to be the watchdog of American Morals, which persuaded Congress to pass the “Comstock Law” in 1873 Charles W. Eliot president of Harvard in 1869, who reduced required courses and introduced electives Lester F. Ward a sociologist influenced by evolutionary theory Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr teacher of law, saying that laws should evolve with the times, not to be restricted by precedents or past decisions, Supreme Court Justice who in 1919 ruled that free speech could be limited when it was a “clear and present danger” to public safety Clarence Darrow a lawyer who said that crime was a result of the criminal’s poor environment (to include poverty, abuse, and neglect) W.E.B. Du Bois the first black to get a doctorate from Harvard who studied crime using sociology’s new statistical methods and supported full equal rights of blacks and integration, author of the book The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, which criticized Washington’s approach to the betterment of blacks and called for equal rights for blacks, thought that blacks fighting in the military would bring equal rights for them but was wrong Bret Harte a writer who showed life in mining camps of the West as difficult Mark Twain the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens, the first great realist author who wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884 William Dean Howells a realist author who wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham in 1885 and A Hazard of New Fortunes in 1890, both of which dealt with industrialization and the gap between rich and poor people Stephen Crane author of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets in 1893 and Red Badge of Courage Jack London author of The Call of the Wild in 1903, focusing on nature vs. civilization Theodore Dreiser author of Sister Carrie in 1900, about a poor Chicago girl who worked Winslow Homer American painter of seascapes and watercolors who portrayed scenes in a “matter of fact way” Thomas Eakins painter who focused on normal, working-class people and used serial-action photographs to study anatomy in order to paint people more accurately James McNeill Whistler painter of Arrangement in Grey and Black, also known as “Whistler’s Mother”, located in the Louvre Mary Cassatt painter of portraits who used pastels and impressionism Henry Hobson Richardson architect who brought a Roman style to America Louis Sullivan architect who designed tall, steel-framed office buildings between 1880 and 1890 Frank Lloyd Wright architect who created the “organic” style, which made the buildings have harmony with the nature around them Daniel Burnham architect who brought back classical Greek and Roman styles John Philip Sousa composer of musical marches Jelly Roll Morton jazz musician Buddy Bolden jazz musician Scott Joplin black composer and performer, famous for his “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899 Joseph Pulitzer his newspaper, the New York World was the first to reach a million in circulation by putting in stories of corruption, crime, and disasters William Randolph Hearst New York publisher who focused on scandal and sensationalism just like Pulitzer P.T. Barnum and James A. Bailey owners of a circus, the “Greatest Show on Earth,” during the 1880s Buffalo Bill also known as William F. Cody, he performed a Wild West show Annie Oakley a famous markswoman John L. Sullivan heavyweight boxer and most famous athlete of the late 1800s Roscoe Conkling Republican senator from New York who was important because he said who got appointed to lucrative jobs in the New York Customs House Rutherford B. Hayes President from the election of 1876, withdrew federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction James Garfield President from Ohio for election of 1880, shot and died 11 weeks later Chester A. Arthur New York nominee for election of 1880, defeated by Garfield then took office after Garfield was shot and died, re-nominated by the republicans in 1884 Thomas Reid Speaker of the House in 1890 James G. Blaine known as the “Plumed Knight” until caught being involved in corruption and railroad scandals, turned the Republican party from anti-slavery to business-oriented Grover Cleveland Democratic President for election of 1884 and 1892 James B. Weaver Congress member from Iowa, member of the Greenback Party, ran for President in 1892 as a third-party candidate but lost the election Benjamin Harrison grandson of William Henry Harrison, Republican President for election of 1888 William Harvey author of Coin’s Financial School in 1894, which gave easy solutions to the depression such as coining silver and blamed depression on the rich bankers William Jennings Bryan gave a “Cross of Gold” speech at a Democratic convention in 1896, which made him Democratic nominee for President William McKinley Republican President from Ohio in 1896 Mark Hanna the main financial supporter for McKinley’s campaign, raising millions of dollars William Seward Republican Secretary of State for Lincoln and Johnson, helped Lincoln prevent Britain and France from fighting on the South’s side in the Civil War and convinced Congress to annex Midway Island and allow for a canal to be built in Nicaragua, also worked for Congress to buy Alaska in 1867 Napoleon III French leader who sent troops to occupy Mexico, but in 1865 Seward threatened him with the Monroe Doctrine until Napoleon left Josiah Strong a reverend who wrote the book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis in 1885, which asserted that Anglo-Saxon people were “the fittest to survive” and that they should work to spread Christianity and Western culture to all places Alfred Thayer Mahan U.S. Navy captain who wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in 1890, which said that having a strong navy is crucial for countries to have foreign markets and to be world powers James Blaine Secretary of State for Harrison who tried to make a better relationship between the U.S. and the lands south of the U.S., resulting in the Pan-American Conference in Washington in 1889 Richard Olney Secretary of State for Cleveland who asked Britain along with President Cleveland to arbitrate the boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana Valeriano Weyler a general from Spain who brought his troops in 1895 to Cuba George Dewey a commodore whose fleet was ordered to the Philippines by Roosevelt, opening fire on Manila Bay and winning control over the Spanish fleet Theodore Roosevelt McKinley’s assistant secretary of the navy who sent Dewey to the Philippines because he had predicted war, became President in 1902 when McKinley was shot and killed, famous for his Roosevelt Corollary and big-stick diplomacy with Latin America, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino nationalist leader who fought during the Spanish-American War on the U.S. side and led guerrillas against U.S. control in the war between the Philippines and the U.S. John Hay Secretary of State for McKinley who felt that China was being dominated by a number of spheres of influence so in 1899 Hay sent out a diplomatic note asking the sphere of influence holders over China to have an Open Door so all nations could trade equally with China George Goethals the chief engineer of the Panama Canal William Gorgas the doctor who helped remove the yellow fever spread due to mosquitos William Howard Taft President from 1909-1913 who used “dollar diplomacy” Henry Cabot Lodge a Republican senator from Massachusetts who presented the Lodge Corollary to the Senate in 1912, which would prevent non-European powers from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere, but Taft opposed it Woodrow Wilson Democratic President from 1913 to 1917 Victoriano Huerta the general who seized power in Mexico in 1913 by having the democratically elected president assassinated, but was not recognized by Wilson Venustiano Carranza he overthrew Huerta in 1914 and established a more democratic regime in Mexico John J. Pershing the general sent by Wilson in 1916 to find Villa, who had led raids along the border between the U.S. and Mexico, killing people from New Mexico and Texas, but Pershing was ordered to withdraw when World War I was pending and Carranza was against U.S. presence in Mexico Walter Rauschenbusch a minister from New York who preached of the Social Gospel, worked in Hell’s Kitchen, and wrote books for his cause William James advocate of pragmatism John Dewey advocate of pragmatism Frederick W. Taylor he timed the efficiency of factory workers and found out how to organize people to reach peak performance levels Henry Demarest Lloyd a reporter from Chicago who was a muckraker that wrote articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the Standard Oil Company, which were published into a book in 1894 called Wealth Against Commonwealth Lincoln Steffans author of muckraking articles in 1902 called Tweed Days in St. Louis and a book in 1904 called The Shame of the Cities Ida Tarbell author of muckraking articles in 1902 called The History of Standard Oil Company Jacob Riis a photojournalist who wrote articles about tenement life, published in the book How the Other Half Lives in 1890 Theodore Dreiser novelist who wrote The Financer and The Titan, which were muckraking books about the conniving qualities of industrialists Robert La Folette governor of Wisconsin who in 1903 introduced a direct primary system, which placed the nominating process into the hands of voters Samuel M. Jones A Republican mayor who adopted a “Golden Rule” policy Tom L. Johnson mayor of Cleveland from 1901-1909 who worked for tax reform and three-cent trolley fares Charles Evans Hughes fought against insurance companies who practiced fraud Hiram Johnson fought against Southern Pacific Railroad’s economic and political power Upton Sinclair author of a muckraking book called The Jungle, which revealed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and Chicago stockyards Gifford Pinchot chief of the Forest Service, who was a conservationist fired by Taft when he criticized Ballinger, the secretary of the interior for Taft Joseph Cannon Speaker of the House during Taft’s presidency, a conservative Eugene V. Debs the Socialist Labor party candidate for President in all elections from 1900 to 1920, jailed for ten years because he spoke out against World War I Carrie Chapman Catt a reformer from Iowa who became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900 Alice Paul leader of the National Woman’s party, which broke off from the NAWSA in 1916 Jeannette Rankin a pacifist who was the first woman elected to Congress, voted against the declaration of war by Congress for World War I Edward House the chief foreign policy advisor for Wilson who went to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but he failed George Creel a progressive journalist who was in charge of the Committee on Public Information, a propaganda agency David Lloyd George representative from Britain who met daily with Wilson as part of the Big Four Georges Clemenceau representative from France who met daily with Wilson as part of the Big Four Vittorio Orlando representative from Italy who met daily with Wilson as part of the Big Four Henry Cabot Lodge Republican senate member who was against the Treaty of Versailles Emma Goldman an outspoken radical who was deported due to Palmer’s demand for mass arrests Warren Harding Republican senator who was previously a newspaper publisher and became president in 1920 after Theodore Roosevelt died in 1919 Calvin Coolidge Vice President for Harding who broke the Boston police strike, also known as “Silent Cal”, Republican president in 1924 Herbert Hoover secretary of commerce for Harding and Coolidge and became Republican president in 1928, president during the Great Depression Alfred E. Smith Democratic nominee for the election of 1928, opposed to prohibition so supported by immigrants Henry Ford used an assembly line to improve automobile manufacture in 1914 Greta Garbo famous actress Rudolf Valentino famous actor Gertrude Ederle famous swimmer Jim Thorpe famous football player Babe Ruth famous baseball player Bobby Jones famous golfer Charles Lindbergh an aviator who flew across the Atlantic Ocean from Long Island to Paris in 1927 Sigmund Freud a psychiatrist from Austria who focused on sexual repression as the cause of mental illness Margaret Sanger an advocate of birth control who fought for its acceptance Billy Sunday a radio evangelist who spoke out against gambling, drinking, and dancing Aimee Semple McPherson a radio evangelist who spoke out against communism and jazz music Gertrude Stein a writer F. Scott Fitzgerald a novelist who became alcoholic Ernest Hemmingway a novelist who moved to Europe in exile Sinclair Lewis a novelist Ezra Pound a poet T.S. Eliot a poet who moved to Europe in exile Frank Lloyd Wright an architect who applied functionalism to his work, following the style of Louis Sullivan Edward Hopper a painter Georgia O’Keeffe a painter Countee Cullen a Harlem poet Langston Hughes a Harlem poet James Weldon Johnson a Harlem poet Claude McKay a Harlem poet Duke Ellington a black jazz musician Louis Armstrong a black jazz musician Bessie Smith a black blues singer Paul Robeson a black singer and actor Marcus Garvey he brought the United Negro Improvement Association from Jamaica to Harlem in 1916, sold Black Star Steamship stock and was charged with fraud, ending up in jail and deported to Jamaica Clarence Darrow a lawyer who defended Scopes in the Scopes trial Sacco and Vanzetti Italian immigrants convicted of robbery and murder in 1921, executed in 1927 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic president in 1932, 1936, and 1940, president for most of the Great Depression, famous for his New Deal and fireside chats Eleanor Roosevelt wife of Franklin Roosevelt, niece of Theodore Roosevelt, the most active first lady who influenced her husband to support minorities and gave speeches and wrote a newspaper column Frances Perkins the first woman to ever serve in a presidential cabinet, the secretary of labor for F.D.R. Harold Ickes Secretary of the Interior for FDR who directed the Public Works Administration, which gave money for governments for roads, bridges, dams, and other public works, in turn creating numerous new jobs Harry Hopkins director of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which gave money for soup kitchens and other relief for the poor, creator of a new relief agency for FDR in 1935 Father Charles Coughlin a radio preacher who proposed simple solutions to “evil conspiracies” Frances Townsend he used radio to say that the elderly should get economic security Huey Long he used radio to say that the wealth should be redistributed, senator from Louisiana John L. Lewis president of the United Mine Workers union who led the Committee of Industrial Organizations in 1935 John Maynard Keynes a British economist who showed FDR that balancing the budget was wrong with his Keynesian theory John Steinbeck a novelist who wrote The Grapes of Wrath in 1939 about economic hardship Marian Anderson a black singer who was denied use of Constitution Hall in D.C. by the Daughters of the American Revolution, so Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes had her give a concert at the Lincoln Memorial instead Mary McLeod Bethune a black who worked to improve education and economic opportunities for women A. Philip Randolph the head of the Railroad Porters Union who threatened to have a march on Washington in order to receive equal job opportunities for blacks, which persuaded FDR to pass an executive order in 1941 that would make a committee to help minorities get defense industry jobs John Collier commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1933, he fought for Native American rights and made conservation projects on reservations Cordell Hull Secretary of State who proposed to give the president the power to reduce U.S. tariffs by up to 50% for countries that would reciprocate with reductions for U.S. imports, which Congress agreed to in 1934 Benito Mussolini leader of the Fascist party in Italy who took over in 1922 Adolf Hitler leader of the Nazi party in Germany Francisco Franco a general who led the fascists during the civil war in Spain in 1936, winning a dictatorship in 1939 Wendell Willkie Republican nominee for president in 1940 who opposed the New Deal and more than two term service of Roosevelt, but agreed with FDR’s other policies Harry S. Truman a senator from Missouri who was vice president for FDR in 1944, but became president when FDR died three months after being elected Dwight Eisenhower the general who was in charge of U.S. troops on D day in 1944 and captured beachheads in Normandy, winning the attack Chester Nimitz an admiral who used the strategy of island hopping, which made it easier for Allies to get to Japan Douglas MacArthur a general who was in charge of army units in the southern Pacific and wanted to return to the Philippines and got the formal surrender from Japan on September 2, 1945 in Tokyo harbor J. Robert Oppenheimer the physicist who directed the Manhattan Project in 1942