AP INNOVATIONS

	QT2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bellis, M. (2003). Inventors from About.com. Available December 9, 2003, from About, Inc. <http://inventors.about.com/> This website has a useful timeline of inventions and many articles about the various inventions, their evolution, and their inventors. "John Rolfe." Jamestown Rediscovery (2003). Available December 30, 2003, from The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. <http://www.apva.org/history/jrolfe.html> Jamestown Rediscovery is a site that was created to provide information about Jamestown to the public. The article used is a biography on John Rolfe. Ismailov, Ruslan A. "Evolution of Infantry" (2000). Translated by Alexander V. Lomski. Available December 30, 2003. <http://www.igstab.com/minsk/me3/articles/infantry.shtml> This is an article written on the evolution of infantry, starting with ancient Egypt and ending with the present. Bellis, M. (2003). Inventors from About.com. Available December 9, 2003, from About, Inc. <http://inventors.about.com/> This website has a useful timeline of inventions and many articles about the various inventions, their evolution, and their inventors. Bellis, M. (2003). Inventors from About.com. Available December 9, 2003, from About, Inc. <http://inventors.about.com/> This website has a useful timeline of inventions and many articles about the various inventions, their evolution, and their inventors. "Barometer." FactMonster. (2003). Retrieved December 29, 2003, from The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. <http://www.factmonster.com> FactMonster.com is an online encyclopedia with detailed articles on a variety of topics. Brubaker, Elizabeth. "The Promise of Privatization." Environment Probe. 2001. Accessed January 2, 2004: <http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pubs/Ev548.htm> The Promise of Privatization is an article discussing the privatization of water and wastewater utilities. In the article it cites the 1652 waterworks in Boston as the first of many occurrences. This article contains many related statistics. "History of Plumbing in America." Plumbing Supply. July 1987. Plumbing and Mechanical magazine. Accessed January 2, 2004: <http://www.plumbingsupply.com/pmamerica.html> This is a very detailed article about American plumbing. It goes into depth about the men who hollowed out the tree trunks to make pipes, how the system worked, its flaws, and the names of various important points in the 1652 Boston waterworks system. Olsztynski, Jim. "A History of Plumbing Engineering." Plumbing Mechanical Engineer. June 9, 2000. Accessed January 2, 2004: <http://www.pmengineer.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/coverstory/ BNPCoverStoryItem/0,2730,4435,00.html> This article contains a detailed history of plumbing. The article has only a small amount of information on the Boston waterworks system, but it does include some detail on how firefighters used the pipes. Blair, Cynthia. (2003). 1657: Stone Street is City’s First Paved Street. Newsday. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.newsday.com/other/special/ny-ihny0801story.htmlstory This is a short article, but it is purely on the first stone pavement, in New York City. It provides all the necessary details and a picture. History of Coal Use, The. (August 15, 2003). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_history.html This article provides a good summary of the history of coal use. This article is used mainly for the second paragraph where the discovery of coal in America is discussed. Rhine, John E. Rhine, Ergest, and Vargo Website. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.rhinelaw.com/press_a_past.html This article discusses old laws concerning coal mining. As an introduction it goes in depth on the discovery of coal in Illinois, and its immediate effects. Voltage: The Energy Chaser’s Newsletter. (January 1999). Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.exelonenergy.com/kids/newsletter/archive/ newsletter199.htm This is a children’s publication that has a good summary of the initial discovery of coal and its future ramifications in the future of the United States. Barber, Phil. (2003). A Brief History of Newspapers. Historic Pages. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: <http://www.historicpages.com/nprhist.htm> This article provides a detailed history of American newspapers. Time Trip: Newspaper Publishing. (2002). Looksmart. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: <http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0EPF/22_101/ 84210622/p1/article.jhtml> This article has a paragraph about the first newspaper in the United States. Orndorff, Bill. (December 1999). The Year 2000 – What Lies Ahead? The Paper Mill (Volume 3, Issue 3). Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.perryjudds.com/services/paperprocurement/v3i3.asp This is an article about the future after 2000, but it mentions the Rittenhouse paper mill, and discusses the importance of paper. Whitford, Craig. The Rittenhouse Paper Mill. The History Buff. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from: http://www.historybuff.com/library/refritten.html Virtually this entire article is about the Rittenhouse paper mill. It goes in depth on the people involved and their histories. Oakes, Elizabeth H. "Tull, Jethro." A to Z of STS Scientists. New York, NY. Facts on File, Inc., 2002. Science Online. <www.factsonfile.com>. This website provides information about the inventor of the seed drill as well as how the seed drills works. About.com. Jethro Tull. 2 Jan. 2004 < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljethrotull.htm >. This website details the significance of the seed drill. Tiscali. Encyclopaedia Tiscali. 2 Jan. 2004 < http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/ m0006239.html >. This website gives simple instructions on how the seed drill works. School of Information. CHICO. 2 Jan. 2004 <http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/>. Path: Browse; Browse General Reference; String; Pianoforte. This site provides information on different types of pianos and how they differ from the original 'piano'. Berry, Ronald Lee. Cristofori Piano. 2 Jan. 2004 <http://www.ptg.org/museum/cristo.htm>. This website provides information on the inventor Cristofori. About.com. The History of the Piano-Bartolomeo Cristofori. 2 Jan. 2004 < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpiano.htm>. This website details the significance of the piano. MediaWiki. Tuning fork. 2 Jan. 2004 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_fork>. This site provides information on the invention of the tuning fork, its uses, and how it works. About.com. Steam Engine History. 2 Jan. 2004 < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamengine.htm>. This site provides information on the invention of the steam engine, its uses, and how it works. Inventions of the World. 2 Jan. 2004 <http://www.grimsbywebfind.com/sites/ Inventions%20of%20the%20World.htm>. This site provides information on the invention of the diving bell, its uses, and how it works. About.com. Who Invented the Thermometer. 2 Jan. 2004 < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blthermometer.htm>. This site provides information on the invention of the thermometer, its uses, and how it works. "Leyden Jars". 1 Jan. 2004. <http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/instruments/archaic/ leyden_jars.htm> This website provides a history of Leyden jars. "Leyden Jar". 1 Jan. 2004. <http://45.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LE/LEYDEN_JAR.htm> This is a description of Leyden jars and their history. "Pieter (Petrus) van Musschenbroek (1692-1761)". Corrosion Doctors. 1 Jan. 2004. <http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/ MusschenbroekBio.htm> This is a short biography of Musschenbroek. "Pieter (Petrus) van Musschenbroek". 16 Oct. 2002. 1 Jan. 2004. <http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/musschenbroek.htm> This is a biography of Musschenbroek. "Ewald Jurgens (George) von Kleist". 1 Jan. 2004. <http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/kleist.html> This is a biography of Ewald von Kleist. Bigelow, John. "Benjamin Franklin Experiments with Electricity". International History Project. 1 Jan. 2004. <http://ragz-international.com/benjamin_franklin_experiments_wi.htm> This is a collection of first-hand and second-hand accounts of Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. Sahlman, Rachel. "Benjamin Franklin". Spectrum. 1 Jan. 2004. <http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Franklin.html> This is a biography of Benjamin Franklin. "The Lightning Rod". The Franklin Institute Online. 2 Jan. 2004. <http://www.fi.edu/pieces/hongell/> This is a description of the invention of the lightning rod. Ifland, Peter. "The History of the Sextant". 3 Oct. 2000. 2 Jan. 2004. <http://www.mat.uc.pt/~helios/Mestre/Novemb00/H61iflan.htm> This is a lecture given by Dr. Peter Ifland about the history of the sextant. Cardoza, Rod. "Evolution of the Sextant". Nautical Brass Magazine Online. <http://home.earthlink.net/~nbrass1/cardart.htm> This website describes the history of the sextant. Tung, Brian. "The Color Purple, Is chromatic aberration an unavoidable flaw in refracting telescopes?". The Astronomy Corner. March 2003. 3 Jan. 2004. <http://astro.isi.edu/games/chromatic.html> This is a history of chromatic aberration and achromatic lenses. Fitzpatrick, Richard. "Chromatic aberration". 19 May 2002. 3 Jan. 2004. <http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/~rfitzp/teaching/302l/lectures/ node126.html> This website provides information about chromatic aberration. Fitzpatrick, Richard. "Dispersion". 19 May 2002. 3 Jan. 2004. <http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/~rfitzp/teaching/302l/lectures/ node112.html> This website provides information about dispersion. Nave, Rod. "Index of Refraction". HyperPhysics. 3 Jan. 2004. <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/indrf.html> This is a list of materials and their indices of refraction. Medwin, Jonathan. "An Historical Account of Maritime Navigational Practice and the subsequent Invention of the Chronometer". 4 Jan. 2004. <http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects97/naval/home.htm> This website describes the problem of determining longitude and the history of the marine chronometer. "INVENTORS: James Hargreaves and the spinning jenny". Cotton Times. 4 Jan. 2004. <http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/hargreaveso.htm> This website describes the history of the spinning jenny. "Spinning Jenny". Wikipedia. 4 Jan. 2004. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny> This website describes the history of the spinning jenny. Bellis, Mary. "Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves". About.com. 4 Jan. 2004. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blspinningjenny.htm> This website describes the history of the spinning jenny. "INVENTORS: Sir Richard Arkwright and the water frame". Cotton Times. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/arkwrighto.htm> This website describes the history of Richard Arkwright and the water frame. "Richard Arkwright, Arkwright House and the invention of the water frame". Lancashire Pioneers. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.lancashirepioneers.com/arkwright/house.asp> This website describes the history of Richard Arkwright and the water frame, and also contains some primary sources from Richard Arkwright’s patent. "Water Frame". Spartacus Educational. 12 May 2002. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXframe.htm> This website describes the history of Richard Arkwright and the water frame. "The Invention of the Steam Engine : The Life of James Watt". About.com. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwatts.htm> This website describes James Watt’s life, and his invention of the steam engine. "Rotary Steam Engine". Spartacus Educational. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXrotary.htm> This website provides a short description of James Watt’s life, and his invention of the steam engine. Bolon, Kendra. "The Steam Engine". 2001. 5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm> This website provides a history of the steam engine. "David Bushnell." Lemelson-MIT Program. Dept. home page. Sept. 1999. MIT School of Engineering. 26 Dec. 2003 <http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/bushnelld.html>. This webpage gives a concise description of the Turtle, and a brief biography of David Bushnell. The Evolution of Submarine Design. About. 27 Dec. 2003 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsubmarine3.htm>. This site has some basic information on submarines and their history. About Inc. "The History of the Steamboats". 01 January 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm> Talks about the different kinds of steamboats invented throughout history. It is a very factual reference and it has good sketches by John Fitch and Robert Fulton. It also discusses the impact of steamboats and gives little anecdotes about problems with patenting the steamboat. "Steamboat". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This site can be used to double check the other steamboat references. It is not very detailed but had the basic outline needed for general information. It has clear pictures. "Canal (waterway)". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This site can be used to double check the other canal references. It is not very detailed but had the basic outline needed for general information. It has useful pictures. "Canal History". Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor. National Park Service. 01 Jan 2003. <http://www.nps.gov/dele/> Has good information but was often too specific to the Delaware region but it is a trustworthy source. "Erie Canal Chronology and Bibliography." 31 Jan. 2004. <http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/chron.htm> This site has some general information about the canal, including dimensions. Sadowski, Frank."Clinton’s Big Ditch." The Erie Canal. 31 Jan. 2004. <http://www.eriecanal.org/index.html> This site has some helpful basic information about the canal, and provides good pictures. "The Erie Canal: A Journey Through History." Epodunk. 2 Feb. 2004. <http://www.epodunk.com/routes/erie-canal/> This site has a brief history of the canal, but it is very useful, containing some information not as easily found elsewhere. "1795 - The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road." Federal Highway Administration. Accessed February 4, 2004. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/rakeman/1795.htm> This is a relatively brief description of the history and purpose of the Lancaster Turnpike. It also includes some effects. "Cumberland Road." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed February 4, 2004. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Road> "Cumberland Road" is a very short online encyclopedia article concerning the history of the road, and an analysis of its uses. Gunderson, Gerald. "Privatization and the 19^th Century Turnpike." The Cato Institue website. Accessed February 4, 2004. <http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj9n1/cj9n1-9.pdf> This is an excerpt from an unknown book found on the Cato website. It is an extremely comprehensive history and analysis of the 19^th century turnpike. Schurr, Cathleen. "Neither Snow nor Rain..." American History Magazine. 1997. Accessed February 4, 2004. <http://americanhistory.about.com/library/prm/blpostoffice2.htm> This source is concerned with the entire history of the United States Postal Service. It contains a large body of information on postal roads. Spangenburg, Ray and Diane K. Moser. The Story of America's Roads. New York: Facts On File, 1992. This book provides a history of roads in America from colonial times to the present. Edward Jenner and Smallpox. The Jenner Museum. 28 Dec. 2003 <http://www.jennermuseum.com/sv/smallpox2.shtml>. The museum is very helpful with a lot of information on Jenner and the creation of the vaccination process. Brown, William H. The History of the First Locomotives In America, New York, Appleton and Company, 1871 This book provides a basic description of the invention of the steam locomotive Houk, Randy. "Railroad History: Important milestones in English and American railway development" 21 Mar 2003 <http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/> This website gives a timeline of important events in railroad and locomotive history Bellis, Mary. "The History of Concrete and Cement", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blconcrete.htm> This page gives a history of concrete from ancient times through the present with an emphasis on Portland Cement Lambert, Paul. "Cement and Concrete – History and Development", 17 Jan 2004 <http://www.azom.com/details.asp?articleID=1317> This site provides a history of various forms of concrete since ancient times Bellis, Mary. "Electromagnet", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blelectromagnet.htm> This website contains a basic description of the principles of electromagnets Bergan County Technical Schools & Special Services. "The History of the Motor", 17 Jan 2004 <http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/2002/ electric_eraser/motor_page.htm> This page shows details on how electromagnets can be used for electric motors and generators Cellular-news. "History of Wireless Telecoms", 17 Jan 2004, <http://www.cellular-news.com/history_of_telecoms/history_of_ cellphones.shtml> This site is a timeline of important events in communications technology Center for the Study of Technology and Society. "Today in Technology History" <http://www.tecsoc.org/pubs/history/2002/dec4.htm> This website has information on the life and achievements of William Sturgeon Bellis, Mary. "History of Photography and the Camera", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blphotography.htm> This site contains a description of the beginnings of photography Bellis, Mary. "The Daguerreotype", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldaguerreotype.htm> This webpage has a description of Daguerrotype, the first practical type of photography Houk, Randy. "Railroad History: Important milestones in English and American railway development" 21 Mar 2003 <http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/> This website gives a timeline of important events in railroad and locomotive history Bellis, Mary. The History of Railroad Innovations. About.com This website provides a basic description of the invention of the steam locomotive National Railroad Museum. Accessed February 2, 2004. Copyright 2003 National Railroad Museum. (Online) <http://www.nationalrrmuseum.org> This website is devoted to providing lots of historical information about railroads. It also serves as a home page for the physical museum, which exists for the same purpose. Bellis, Mary. "Cyrus McCormick – The Reaper", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmccormick.htm> This site provides information on Cyrus McCormick and the reaper Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Mechanical Reaper", Mar. 2000 <http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccormick.html> This website has great a lot of information on the life of Cyrus McCormick and the development of the reaper Bellis, Mary. "The History of the Telegraph and Telegraphy", 17 Jan 2004, < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelegraph.htm> This page has a concise description of the origins of the telegraph Cellular-news. "History of Wireless Telecoms", 17 Jan 2004, <http://www.cellular-news.com/history_of_telecoms/history_ of_cellphones.shtml> This site is a timeline of important events in communications technology Bellis, Mary. "The History of Vulcanized Rubber", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrubber.htm> This webpage gives a description of the history of rubber Invent Now, "Hall of Fame Inventor Profile: Charles Goodyear", Jan 2002, <http://www.invent.org/hall%5Fof%5Ffame/1%5F1%5F6%5Fdetail .asp%3FvInventorID=68> This site has some basic information on the life of Goodyear Readers Digest. "Charles Goodyear and the Strange Story of Rubber" Jan 1958 <http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/strange.html> This site gives a very complete life story of Charles Goodyear and the creation of vulcanized rubber Bellis, Mary. "The History of the Fax Machine", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfax.htm> This website has a describes the history of the fax machine Fink, Donald G. "Facsimile", 28 Feb 1996, <http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/FAX%5FFINK.html> This page has a lot of descriptive information on Fascimile transmission and how it works Jupitermedia Corporation. "Fax Machine", 17 Jan 2004 <http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/f/fax%5Fmachine.html> This site has an emphasis on modern day faxing and a description of faxing Alacritude, LLC. "Morphine", 10 Feb 2004 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/morphine_History.asp> This site has information on morphine Massachusetts General Hospital "‘We have conquered pain.’ A Celebration of Ether 1846-1996", 8 Apr 2002, <http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/History/ether1.htm> This webpage is a tribute to the discovery of ether Bellis, Mary. "The History of Antiseptics", 17 Jan 2004, <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blantisceptics.htm> This site has information on Ignaz Semmelweis and his discoveries Lister, Joseph. "Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery", 1867, <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html> This website is a primary source containing Joseph Lister’s observations that he made from his research Gardner, Brian. "Joseph Lister & Antiseptic Surgery", 17 Jan 2004, <http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html> This site has some general information on Joseph Lister as well as early antiseptics About Inc. Stitches-History of the Sewing Machine. 10 December 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsewing_machine.htm> It has lots of information specifically about the development of the textile industry. It also has biographical information about each of the inventors and all of the history of the sewing machine. Overall, it is a very good resource. "Sewing Machine." Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. Can be used to verify details from the other sewing machine reference. It is not very detailed but has the basic outline needed for general information, but it has good pictures. Worden, Gretchen. Jan 2002, "Tour the History of the Stethoscope" <http://www.antiquemed.com/tableofcon.htm> This site contains information on the development of monaural and binaural stethoscopes About Inc. Hall of Fame: Louis Pasteur. 09 December 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site= http://www.invent.org/hall%5Fof%5Ffame/1%5F1%5F6%5 Fdetail.asp%3FvInventorID=119> This site has very detailed information on the life of Louis Pasteur. It has a very good outlook on his life and reveres him as one of the greatest scientist’s of time. This site is not very colorful and does not have many pictures but it provides a very detailed summary of pasteurization. "Pasteur, Louis". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. Can be used to double check the other pasteurization references. It is not very detailed but had the basic outline needed for general information. It focuses mainly on his life rather than pasteurization. Shotgun. Weapons of the American Civil War. 11 Feb. 2004 <http://www.civilwarhome.com/weapons.htm>. Excellent site; it summarizes the various groups of weapons used in the civil war, gives footnotes, and also explains some of the unique traits of various weapons. Kidport. Communication during the Civil War. Accessed 11 February 2004. <http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/UsaHistory/CivilWar/ Communication.htm> This site provides a good summary of the methods of communication used during the civil war Maryland with PRIDE. Flags. Accessed 11 February 2004. <http://www.intandem.com/NewPrideSite/MD/Lesson19/flags.html> This site provides information on the flag system of communication About Inc. Bicycle History. 11 December 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbicycle.htm> This is a general overview of the history of the bicycle. One of its strong points is that it has good pictures. This is a good place to start learning about the bicycle. About Inc. History of the Bicycle. 11 December 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site= http://members.tripod.com/KatNJaz/index%2D5.html> Talks about the different kinds of bicycles invented throughout history. It is a very factual reference but it doesn’t have diagrams. "Bicycle". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. Can be used to double check the other bicycle references. It is not very detailed but has the basic outline needed for general information. About Inc. History of Firearms. 12 December 2003. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blgun.htm#Gatling> This site has a good timeline. It is very brief concerning each topic but it shows a good progression from innovation to innovation. It also discusses the impacts of each innovation. Machine Gun. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 13 December 2003. Can be used to double check the other machine gun references. It is not very detailed but had the basic outline needed for general information. Plastic. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard Edition 2002. Good basic source about the history and the uses of plastic. "Koch, Robert". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. A very detailed source, with very good biographical data on Robert Koch. "Pasteur, Louis". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. A very detailed source, with very good biographical data on Louis Pasteur. Shotgun. Home of the American Civil War. "Civil War Medicine". 17 Jan 2004. <http://www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarmedicineintro.htm> This site provides information on many aspects of Civil War medical technology and techniques "Typewriter". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. A very detailed source, outlining the development of the typewriter and explaining how it functioned. Bellis, Mary. Typewriters, Qwerty & Typing. 28 December 2003 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltypewriter.htm> Provides information regarding the QWERTY key layout. "Telephone". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This entry includes much about the history of the telephone as well as a brief outline of how the first phone functioned. "Internal-Combustion Engine". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This entry includes much about the history of the telephone as well as a brief outline of how the first phone functioned. Bellis, Mary. Nicolaus Otto. 28 December 2003 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blotto.htm> Provides more information about the inventor, Nicolaus Otto "Phonograph". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This article includes helpful information about both Edison and his invention, the phonograph. "History of Motion Pictures". Microsoft Encarta Electronic Encyclopedia Edition 2002. This article gives a lot of background information regarding the development of the motion picture. BACK TO TOP BACK

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