Religion
Reynolds v. U.S. 1878    Mormon polygamy case. Religion no protection from law.  Distinguishes between freedom of religious beliefs and freedom of religious action.
Engle v. Vitale 1962    No sponsorship or encouragement of prayer by public school employees.
Lemon v. Kurtzman 1971   Three part test for violation of establishment clause.
Wisconsin v. Yoder 1972    Amish children allowed to not attend school because of religion.
Wallace v. Jaffree  1985   Moment of silence not unconstitutional but depends on intent.
Edwards v. Aguillard 1987    Cannot require teaching of creationism in science class. 
Dept. of Human Services of Oregon v. Smith  1990     Use of peyote, banned by state, not protected by religion.
Lee v Weisman 1992 Prayer at graduation not allowed
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v City of Hialeah 1993 Religious rituals protected from restrictive local laws.

Speech and Press
Schenk v U.S. 1919 Clear and present danger sufficient to deny speech
Brandenberg v. Ohio 1969    Speech protected unless it is producing imminent lawless action.
New York Times v. U.S. 1971    Pentagon Papers case.  Government could not suspend publication of sensitive material. 
Miller v. California 1973    Clarification of obscenity 
Texas v. Johnson 1989    Burning of flag as symbolic speech upheld
Buckley v Vallejo 1976  Can limit campaign contributions, but cannot limit campaign expenditures because it is free speech

Civil Rights
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896    Segregation allowed when accommodations were separate as well as equal. 
Brown v. Board of Education 1954    Segregation of races in schools is inherently unequal and in violation of equal protection clause of the14th amendment. 
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg 1971    Allowed busing to achieve integration in schools. 
U. of Calif. Regents v. Bakke  1978    Race cannot be used as sole criterion for admission but may be one of many factors considered.
Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger 2003  U. of Mich law school can use race to select.  Undergrad point system for admission based on race is out.

Rights of the Accused
Mapp v. Ohio 1961    Exclusionary rule.  Evidence illegally obtained may not be used.
Gideon v. Wainwright 1963    Those accused of felonies must have a lawyer appointed for them if they cannot afford one. 
Miranda v. Arizona 1966    Rights must be read to criminal suspects.
Katz v. U.S.  1967    People, not areas are protected against unrestricted searches. 
Terry v. Ohio 1968   Police suspicions sufficient to warrant a search of an individual 
U.S. v. Nixon 1974 No absolute executive privilege when evidence needed for criminal trial.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. 1985 Students have less expectation of privacy in school.
Roper v. Simmons 2005 Death penalty for minors is cruel and unusual punishment

Gender and Privacy
Griswold v. CT 1963 Law prohibiting use of contraceptives violates "sphere of privacy" in people's private lives.
Loving v. Virginia 1967    Laws against miscegenation unconstitutional.
Roe v. Wade 1973 Women’s privacy makes antiabortion laws unconstitutional except during specified times of the pregnancy.
Rostker v. Goldberg 1981   Upheld selective service for men only. 
Bowers v. Hardwick 1986   Right to privacy is not absolute. Upholds laws banning sodomy.
Lawrence v Texas 2003   Overrules Bowers. Finds consensual adult sexual conduct protected by 14th Amend.
Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dept. of Health 1990   Right to die.  Clear and convincing evidence of patient intentions can be required before feeding tube removed.
Romer v. Evans 1996    Equal protection for homosexuals
United States v. Virginia (VMI) 1996    State funded institution cannot deny admission to women 

Reapportionment
Baker v. Carr 1962    One person –one vote in state reapportionment
Reynolds v. Simms 1964    Reapportionment decisions of state legislatures could be challenged in court. 

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