CHAPTER EIGHTTHOUGHT AND LANGUAGE |
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Wants pawn term, dare
worsted ladle gull hoe lift wetter murder inner ladle
cordage, honor itch
offer lodge, dock, florist. Disk ladle gull orphan worry
putty ladle rat cluck
wetter ladle rat hut, an fur disk raisin pimple colder
Ladle Rat Rotten Hut.
Wan moaning, Ladle Rat Rotten Hut's murder colder inset. "Ladle Rat Rotten Hut, heresy ladle basking winsome burden barter an shirker cockles. Tick disk ladle basking tutor cordage offer groinmurder hoe lifts honor udder site offer florist. Shaker lake! Dun stopper laundry wrote! Dun stopper peck floors! Dun daily-doily inner florist, an yonder nor sorghum-stenches, dun stopper torque wet strainers !"
"Hoe-cake, murder," resplendent Ladle Rat Rotten Hut, an tickle ladle basking an stuttered oft. Honor wrote tutor cordage offer groin-murder, Ladle Rat Rotten Hut mitten anomalous woof. " Wail, wail, wail ! " set disk wicket woof, "Evanescent Ladle Rat Rotten Hut! Wares are putty ladle gull goring wizard ladle basking?"
"Armor goring tumor groin-murder's," reprisal ladle gull. "Grammar's seeking bet. Armor ticking arson burden barter an shirker cockles."
"O hoe! Heifer gnats
woke," setter wicket woof, butter taught tomb shelf,
"Oil tickle shirt
court tutor cordage offer groin-murder. Oil ketchup wetter
letter, an den - O
bore!"
Soda wicket woof tucker
shirt court, an whinney retched a cordage offer
groin-murder, picked
inner windrow, an sore debtor pore oil worming worse lion inner bet. En
inner flesh, disk abdominal woof lipped honor bet,
paunched honor pore
oil worming, an garbled erupt. Den disk ratchet ammonol pot honor groin-murder's
nut cup an gnat-gun, any curdled ope inner bet.
Inner ladle wile, Ladle
Rat Rotten Hut a raft attar cordage, an ranker dough
ball. "Comb ink, sweat
hard," setter wicket woof, disgracing is verse. Ladle
Rat Rotten Hut entity
betrum an stud buyer groin~murder's bet.
"O Grammar !" crater
ladle gull historically, "Water bag icer gut! A
nervous sausage bag
ice!"
"Battered lucky chew whiff, sweat hard," setter bloat-Thursday woof, wetter wicket small honors phase.
"O Grammar, water bag noise! A nervous sore suture anomolous prognosis!"
"Battered small your whiff, doling," whiskered dole woof, ants mouse worse waddling.
"O Grammar, water bag mouser gut ! A nervous sore suture bag mouse!"
Daze worry on-forger-nut
ladle gull's lest warts. Oil offer sodden, caking
offer carvers an sprinkling
otter bet, disk hoard hoarded woof lipped own
pore Ladle Rat Rotten
Hut an garbled erupt.
Mural: Yonder nor sorghum
stenches shut ladle gulls stopper torque wet
strainers.
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What's Going On
This story, believe
it or not, is the very familiar fable of Little Red
Riding Hood. This
curious version was written in 1940 by a professor of
French named H. L.
Chace, who wanted to show his students that intonation -that is, the melody
of a language - is an integral part of its meaning. The words here are
all common English words, but not the ones you'd expect to tell the story
of Little Red Riding Hood.
TOP
CHAPTER
8: THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE
Correct answers are indicated by
astericks.
Chapter 8 Test
Thought and Language
Select the best answer
from the following choices:
1. All
of the following are true about the computer as an information
processor EXCEPT
a. the most
sophisticated programs mimic aspects of human memory.
b. computers
have been used to solve a wide variety of problems.
c. computers
cannot evaluate their own knowledge.
*d. computers display
great ingenuity.
2. Metacognition
is studied
a. by monitoring
the activity of specific neural nets
b. by applying sophisticated
computer models to track the behavior of an
organism
*c. by asking individuals about their own thoughts d. none of the
above.
3. Suppose a reaction
time task involves responding “same” or “different” to
pairs of fruits.
For example, “different” would be correct for both of the
following pairs:
apple-orange and tomato-peach. According to the symbolic
distance effect, which
of these two pairs should be responded to most
quickly?
a. apple-orange
*b. tomato-peach
c. neither; reaction
time should be the same
d. can’t tell because
the effect would not apply to these mental comparisons.
4. In mental rotation
experiments, as an image is rotated first 20 degrees
then 50 degrees then
90 degrees then 140 degrees and finally 180 degrees,
decision time as to
whether or not it is the same image as the original
should
*a. increase
b. decrease c. stay the same d. none of the above.
5. Which of the following
is least likely to be a label that names a
conceptual category?
a. weapons b. sports *c. cobras
d. insects.
6. Prototype
is to concept as_______________________is to______________.
a. penguin; bird
*b. daisy; flower c. tomato; fruit
d. leaf; tree
7. “Has skin”
is a property of mammals. This property is a
a. natural attribute
b. typical attribute
*c. defining attribute
d. conceptual attribute.
8.
On Halloween, Will and Milan went trick-or-treating. Will rushed off
to the houses that
gave out candy last year. Milan methodically combed the
neighborhood, checking
every house for candy. Will got home from
trick-or-treating
in about an hour. Milan got home many hours later but had
collected more candy.
In this example, which type of strategy did Will use in
trick-or-treating,
and which type did Milan use?
a. Algorithm;algorithm
*b. Heuristic; algorithm
c. Algorithm; heuristic
d. Heuristic; heuristic
9. If Jillian
is attempting to restructure a problem in order to solve it,
she is in what stage
of the problem solving process?
*a. preparation
b. incubation c. production
d. evaluative
10. In solving the
problems on the cryptarithmetic puzzle
“DONALD + HOWARD =GREGORY
it was best to use
*a. an algorithm
b. a heuristic search
c. the working backwards
strategy d. mental set.
11. The words “Backyard”
and “paper” have how many morphemes?
a. 8 and 5
b. 1 and 1 *c. 2 and 1 d. 2 and 2
12. Failing to think
of using your belt as a lasso when you cannot reach a
can of peas on the
fourth shelf is an example of
a. a heuristic
*b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. means-end analysis.
13. Melissa
refused Sarah's invitation to go on a sea cruise even though
Sarah had been on
many cruises before without a mishap. Seeing Titanic made
her even more convinced
not to go. Melissa's fear may be explained in terms
of the
a. anchoring heuristic
b. availability heuristic
*c. confirmation bias.
d. representativeness heuristic.
14. Mrs. Merah Baird,
a grade school teacher, wants to train her student to
use brainstorming
in a group. Which of the following would be a technique
she could use with
an eraser?
*a. passing
it around and asking each student to suggest a different use
for it as quickly
as possible b. deciding which members of the class are
best qualified to
contribute to the solution. c. starting the exercise
by
ruling out as many
competing uses for the object as possible, to concentrate
only on the best ones
d. thinking of all the things they have used that
object for in
the past
15. In Tversky and
Kahneman’s research on decision making and illogical
choices (video)they
asked people whether there were more words that
began with the letter
kor words with k as the third letter. Most guessed
k-words rather than
thecorrect choice of 3rd letter. This error was
described as
*a. availability heuristic
b. anchoring effect
c. normative decision
making d. none
of these
16. Speech is to language
as
a. words are to communication
*b. sounds are to meaning
c. communication is
to grammar d. writing is to history.
17. ____ is the
study of language; ____ is the study of how people acquire
and use language.
*a. linguistics;
psycholinguistics b. psycholinguistics;
linguistic
c. phonology;
pragmatics
d. pragmatics; phonology
18. Which of
the following terms best describes the frustration in solving
the “BITE” problem
---DOGS DO IT, MOSQUITOS DO IT ORGANS OF VISIONS---
a. functional fixedness
*b. mental set
c. algorithm
d. heuristic
19. In English, what
kind of rule is violated when attempting to begin a word
with the letter combination
“wj”?
a. syntactical
b. semantic c. morphological
*d. phonological
20. We say “April hit
the ball” rather than Hit April the ball” because of
what kind of rules?
a. prescriptive
b. morphological *c. syntactic
d. phonological
21. Rules pertaining
to everyday language comprise _________________
grammar, while the
more formal rules concerned with the proper use of
language in social
situations are known as___________ grammar.
*a. descriptive; prescriptive
b. prescriptive; descriptive
c. syntactic;linguistic
d. transformational; linguistic.
22. Curt explained
a psychological concept in a complex and abstract fashion
that most of the class
could not understand. Tommy paraphrased what Curt
said and everyone
was much clearer about Curt’s point. When you paraphrase a
sentence, you change
its
*a. surface structure
b. deep structure
c. both the surface
and deep structure
d. word order.
23. "A rose by
any other name would smell as sweet." Benjamin Whorf
linguistic relativity
hypothesis would
a. agree with
this proposition. *b. disagree with
this proposition.
c. say language has
no effect on how we look at the world.
d. understand that
culture and not language causes people to perceive the
world in different
ways.
24. When a young child
understands what he hears but cannot talk yet, he has
what is called
a. descriptive grammar
b. transformational grammar
*c. receptive language
d. expressive language.
25. Which of the following
concepts is NOT consistent with Skinner’s
behavioristic view
of language acquisition?
a. imitation
b. reinforcement or reward c. punishment of nonreward or
incorrect grammar
*d. inborn language structure.
26. 18mo old
Niloy wants a cookie and so he goes into the kitchen and
a. points at the cookie
jar *b. says “cookie”
c. says “I want a
cookie now, please”
d. none of the above,
his speech is unintelligible
27. Chomsky’s view
of language acquisition is that
a. learning and imitation
are the key factors
b. human beings have
an innate ability to learn the rules of language
c. parental correction
of grammar is the key factor
*d. human beings are
born with innate language.
28. What does
babies’ preference for human voices indicate about Chomsky’s
language-acquisition
device?
a. there is no such
device b. babies understand deep structure
at birth
c. language acquisition
does not depend on environment
*d. social interaction
may be necessary to activate this device.
29. A twenty-one-year
old man who had never been exposed to language was
found on a small island
in the Pacific. Although experts worked with him for
years, he never attained
the language ability normal for his age. The story
of this young man
is consistent with the idea that language development
involves which of
the following?
a. a cognitive map
b. a language acquisition device
c. Syntax
*d. a critical period
30. Dr. Gleason’s work
with babies and parents (video) has added which of the
following points to
Chomsky’s nativist language theory?
a. a child’s ability
to decode language spoken to them is a result of
neurological capacity
b. inflection helps a child know whether or
not they are being
scolded or praised
*c. that social interaction
is a key component in language acquisition
d. none of the above
31. Dr. Fernald’s
work on motherese would suggest that If you heard a tape
of a pitch contour
that was short, sharp, and of low frequency no matter what
language you guess
the mother was saying?
*a. Stop that!
b. That’s right. c. Look at the bottle
d. What’s the matter?
32. Which of the following
was a disadvantage found in bilingual education?
a. the native language
training decreased self esteem
*b. bilingually taught
children showed slower language development
c. bilingually taught
children were less creative d. none
of the above.
33. Gardner’s Washoe
is to Premacks Sarah as
a. primitive vocalization
is to sign language
b. computer generated
language is to sign language
*c. sign language
is to plastic symbols
d. plastic symbols
is to computer generated language.
34. Terrace’s
major criticism of ape language focuses on whether or not apes
a. can express holophrastic
concepts b. have receptive language
c. are capable of
imitating forms of communication
*d. can learn the
rules or grammar of a language.
35. In trying
to tell whether someone is lying or not, it is better to (acc
to video)
a. listen to the words
they use
*b. listen to the tone they use
c. watch for signs
in their facial expressions
d. watch their body
language and movement.
36. On average,
Ned has made about 50 percent of his shots during his
basketball career.
During one of his poorer games, a sports announcer said,
"Ned has missed his
last eight shots, so I would guess that there's about an
80 percent chance
that he will make his next shot!" The announcer's statement
is an example of
a. ignoring negative
evidence b. functional fixedness
*c. the gambler's
fallacy
d. a mental set.
37. Son
speaks Vietnamese and English and is considered a balanced
bilingual. He would
most likely display
*a. more cognitive
flexibility and creativity than people who are not
bilingual.
b. the same amount of cognitive flexibility and creativity as
people who are not
bilingual. c. slightly less cognitive
flexibility and
creativity than people
who are not bilingual. d. much less cognitive
flexibility and creativity
than people who are not bilingual.
38. In which
sequence does the hierarchical structure of language increase
in organization and
complexity?
a. word, morpheme,
phrase, sentence b. meme, morpheme, phoneme, phrase
c. phrase, sentence,
morpheme, meme *d. phoneme, morpheme, phrase, sentence
39. Genie was
at the age of puberty when first discovered. Lenneman’s
critical hypothesis
theory would predict
a. she could acquire
language fluency
*b. she had
passed the time period to develop normal language capabilities
c. she could not learn
language because of her physical abuse
d. none of the
above.
40. What evidence
was given in the movie to support the fact that Genie may
have been mentally
retarded?
a. her father
hit her because he thought she was
*b. one scientist
noted she had an abnormally large number of sleep spindles
c. she
never learned the fundamental rules of grammer
d. there was
absolutely no evidence to support the idea that she was mentally retarded
due to her yearly increase on IQ tests.
