MOTIVATION THEORIES     HUNGER AND SEX     AGGRESSION/                    EMOTIONS               POWERPOINT

EMOTIONSFEAR/                PROJECT IDEAS

WEB LINKS         TEST

CHAPTER NINE

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Basic Emotions Links

TJPSYCH 1        ANGER       EMOTIONS
http://galton.psych.nwu.edu/greatideas/basicemotions.html

Motivation links:
theories of motivation
http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm
maslow and hierarchy
http://www.valdosta.edu/~whuitt/psy702/regsys/maslow.html
body weight
http://www.mediconsult.com/hypertension/journal/automation/960102008001.html
set point theory  http://www.laureate.com/setpoint.html
anorexia   http://www.laureate.com/nedointro.html
setting goals   http://www.mindtools.com/pggoalef.html
emotions   http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/young/emotion.htm#emotions
polygraphy  http://www.polygraph.org/
expressing emotions   http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/
happiness  http://www.globalideasbank.org/reinv/RIS-88.HTML

WOMEN ARE BEAUTIFUL  Icons of Beauty

http://nm-server.jrn.columbia.edu/projects/masters/bodyimage/
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pp. 333-343  MOTIVATION THEORIES

1. Describe the domain of ethology.  Give a definition and example of aninstinct,

a fixed action and a fixed modal patterns,  a sign stimulus and vacuum behavior.

2.  Are there any human instincts?  Why is this field so complex and controversial?
3. Describe the fundamental premise of sociobiology and give an example of a
human behavior that a sociobiologist might view as consistent with the sociobiological view.
4. Describe the theory and development of Clark Hull s drive reduction theory
and his primary motivational principle.  What are some arguments opposed to this?
5.   Describe the cognitive consistency theory and give an example of cognitive dissonance.
   What are some problems with this model as well?
6. How do arousal theories fit into the drive reduction theory?  What is theYerkes-Dodson law
and what are some possible problems with it in understanding human motivation?
7. Explain how incentive theory differs fundamentally from biological, drive
reduction and arousal theories.  Give an example of a positive and negative
incentive.  Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.Give an
example of how an external reward can cause a behavior to lose its intrinsic
appeal and explain this in terms of the overjustification effect.  Summarize
current thinking about the relative importance of the overjustification
effect.
8. List and describe Maslow s five need levels and give examples of the type
of behavior that might be motivated by each of these levels.  Give an example
of where a higher level need takes precedence over a lower-level need.
Review the chart on p344
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pp. 343-353  Hunger and Sex

9. Describe Cannon s early theory of hunger motivation and give evidence against it.
10. Explain how lesioning and electrical stimulation studies led psychologist
to label the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus as the  off center  for
hunger and the lateral hypothalamic area as the  on-center.
11.   How are  the hormones insulin and glucagon related to hunger?  What is
the evidence to support the glucoreceptors--describe the experiment where the
vagus nerve is cut and what this tells us?
12. Differentiate between short-term cues and long-term cues to eating
behavior.  Describe the set-point theory of hunger motivation and give its
implications for dieters.  Describe genetic findings on weight.
13. How do environmental cues influence obesity patterns in addition to
genetic and other biological factors?  What were the findings of Schacter?
Give examples of discrimination against the obese--are these fair?
14. After reading the section on dieting--what conclusions can be drawn about
the current thinking about it?  Describe the disorder of anorexia nervosa and
contrast this with bulimia.  What are the causes of these disorders and the
physical effects?
15. List some differences between the sexual motive and hunger.  Describe the
relationship between hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads in regulating
the sex hormones.
16. Summarize current thinking about the role of hormones in human sexual
behavior.
17.  Describe what is known about the role of smell in human sexual behavior.
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 pp. 353-360  Aggression, Achievement, Affiliation and Conflict

18. Define aggression.  Compare and contrast hostile and instrumental
aggression and give examples of each. What brain areas are probably involved
in the aggressive impulse?
19. Describe the interaction that occurs between the need to achieve and fear
of failure.  Describe the research done by Murray, Atkinson and McClelland in
this area.  Use achievement theory to explain why people who are   a. high in
the need to achieve and low in fear of failure tend to select moderately
challenging tasks and why people who are   b.  low in the need to achieve and
high in the fear of failure often tend to select goals which are
unrealistically high or low.
20. Describe the affiliative motive and give examples of affiliative
behavior. How might attributional research be related to changing affiliative
behavior?
21. Explain, in motivational terms, what causes conflict.  List and give
examples of the four types of conflict described in the text.
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 pp. 360-367  Emotions  Definitions and Theories

22. List the three components in the definition  of emotions and explain each
as it relates to some specific emotion.
23. Describe the   fight or flight  response and relate it to the emotions.
24. Describe the work of Ekman in describing the universality of facial
expressions and also the role cultures may play in display rules.  Describe
the further work  he did in the counterfeit smile study?
25. Compare and contrast the relativist and universalist views about facial
expressions in emotions with evidence for  each side.  (body language or
non-verbal behavior)
26. Describe the view espoused in Darwin s evolutionary theory of the
emotions.
27. Describe the James-Lange theory and Cannon s objections to it.  Describe
Cannon s thalmic theory.
28. Describe Schacter s cognitive-physiological theory and cite evidence for
it.  Contrast the support for and evidence against his theory.
Make special note of the chart on page 368 comparing these theories
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 pp. 367-370  Fear, Anxiety and Love

29. List two innate fears and explain how other fears might develop.  What is
the difference between fear and anxiety?  what are some positive effects of
fear?
30. Compare and contrast romantic and mature love.  Describe the Dienstbier
study and how it relates to Schacter s study above.
31. Describe Robert Sternberg s triangular theory of love.  How does he
distinguish between liking and loving?
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Project Ideas for Motivation and Emotion  due: Fri, March 1
Select any of the following or choose something you are interested in and
check w/me for approval.

1.  Keep a food log for the next week.  Create a chart and each time you eat
or at the end of the day:  record the time, what you ate, and why you ate
what you did?
At the end of the week review your data and describe your hunger motive.  Do
you respond more to internal or external cues?  Are the internal ones muscle
contractions in the stomach or emotions?  Do you feel you eat a healthy diet?
 What changes would you make in your present diet if you wished to maximize
your health and general appearance?  Why?

2.  Keep a mood log for the next week.  Create a chart and for each class
period of time--four times a day at school and at least three times while at
home:  morning,  dinner, before bed:  record your general â€feel good†level
from 1-10 with one being lousy/depressed  to ten feeling great/energized or
happy.  Note the time of each entry, what other feeling words you could
use to describe your mood, and potential causes for this mood (ok to censor
this part).
At the end of the week, review your data and describe how â€moody†you seemed
to be, whether or not your moods fluctuated a lot during the day, if there
was a particular time of day and mood pattern that showed up, and some of the
key factors that varied your mood state.

3.  Go through the comics in your daily paper this week and find examples of
different motives that you can discuss.  Cut out at least three examples per
day, clip them onto a sheet of notebook paper or typed sheet and explain your
interpretation of the motives present.

4.  Go through a magazine--teen oriented, news or other, and look at the
advertisements.  Select ads that you feel do a good job of showing gender
roles and stereotypes and/or achievement motives.  Clip the ads or put paper
clips and a corresponding # on each ad from the magazine and then summarize
your interpretation of the ad.

5.  Review a series of childrens' books at the local library or bookstore.
Look for examples of
a. need achievement  The Little Engine that Could
b.  praise or criticism for gender typed behavior or professions
c.   facial expressions on the characters faces--interpret or make inference
references to the story line

6.  Review at least three articles (at least one from a journal of some
repute psychologically speaking) that relates to a topic in this chapter:
hunger, sex, emotions like happiness, depression, achievement, arousal (risk
type) behaviors, non-verbal language--facial expressions or body language;
aggression motive (road rage?), serial killers, eating disorders, addictions,
gender issues.  Write a one to two sentence thesis and then use the articles
to support and/or refute the thesis.

7.  Creative other.
    a.  Poster on one of the topics covered during this unit.
    b.  Scrapbook of personal motivational sayings, pictures, poems,
    c.  Childrens' book or pamphlet w/a topic from this unit as a theme.
    d.  Motivational video or advertisement on road rage/eating
disorders/emotional
        distress/positive thinking.
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Basic Emotionsby Theorist/Basis for Inclusion
Arnold
    Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope,
love, sadness                 Relation to action tendencies

Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth
    Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise
Universal facial  expressions

Frijda
    Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow
Forms of action readiness

Gray
    Rage and terror, anxiety, joy
Hardwired

Izard
    Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame,
surprise
Hardwired

James
    Fear, grief, love, rage
Bodily involvement

McDougall
    Anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-emotion, wonder
Relation to instincts

Mowrer
    Pain, pleasure
Unlearned emotional states

Oatley and Johnson-Laird
    Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness
Do not require propositional content

Panksepp
    Expectancy, fear, rage, panic
Hardwired

Plutchik
    Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise
Relation to adaptive biological processes

Tomkins
    Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise
Density of neural firing

Watson
    Fear, love, rage
Hardwired

Weiner and Graham
    Happiness, sadness
Attribution independent
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Morris Study GuideOnline Test
Chapter 10: Emotions and Motives; our driving forces
Correct answers are noted w/a star.

1.)A(n) ______________ is a need that pushes a person to work toward a
specific goal.    stimulus     incentive     behavior    *motive

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2.)A(n) _____________ is an inborn, goal-directed behavior that is seen
in an entire species    *instinct    motive   drive     stimulus

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3.)Our bodies try to maintain __________, which is a state of balance.
acquiescence      incentives      *homeostasis        reciprocity

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4.)External stimuli that lead to goal-directed behavior are called
drives   needs        *incentives       reciprocals

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5.)All of the following are examples of primary drives EXCEPT
hunger     thirst     *money    sex

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6.)Our body regulates metabolism, fat storage, and food intake to
maintain a specific weight. This homeostatic mechanism is called
a reciprocal feedback center.    *set point.
the drive reduction center.          the satiety center.

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7.)Increased ____________ is the most effective way to increase the
body's metabolism when trying to lose weight.
protein consumption          reduction of calories
* exercise is the best way to prevent metabolism from dropping when dieting.
      sleep

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8.)Lower testosterone levels result in decreased sexual desire in
men only     women only     *both men and women    neither men nor women

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9.)Scents that can be sexually stimulating are called
androgens.     corticorsteroids       globulins      *pheromones

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10.)Hiking in a cave could satisfy each of the following EXCEPT
exploration motive.       activity motive.       curiosity motive.
*contact  motive.

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11.)Purposefully inflicting harm on others is known as _______________
behavior.
anger-driven      violent        *aggressive      confrontational

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12.)About ___________ wives are physically abused in the United States
each year.    1,500,000       3,500,000        5,500,000        7,500,000

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13.)The emotion of _______ is most closely related to aggression.
depression       pain          *frustration          conflict

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14.)Most psychologists believe that aggression is
an innate biological response to frustration.       linked to sexual drive.
*a learned response.
a drive that builds up over time and must be released.

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15.)In about two-thirds of rapes, the most important motive was
attraction     *power       sexual satisfaction.        sadism

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16.)The ________ motive is related to the need to influence or control
other people.       social       achievement      status     *power

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17.)A need to be with other people is called a(n) ___________ need
social      *affiliation        status       power

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18.)The highest level of motive according to Maslow is
physiological need.   *self-actualization.    *esteem needs.
 *need for success.

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19.)Chronically ________ 40-year-olds had elevated levels of a harmful
form of cholesterol.*angry      depressed       worried        anxious

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20.)We are moved toward some _____________ by both motives and emotions.
stimulus      homeostasis       *action          equilibrium

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21.)Hunger or thirst are examples of a state of tension and these are
called     *drives       homeostasis           impulse         instinct

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22.)Biking at the beach could satisfy each of the following EXCEPT
exploration motive.    activity motive.     curiosity motive.
  *Contact motive.

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23.)A difference in animal and human sex drives is that
human sex drive is controlled by the male's reproductive system.
*humans are able to be interested in sex at any time.
human sex drive is controlled by hormones.
human sex drive is controlled by the females' reproductive system.

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24.)Men tend to be more sexually aroused by
*visual cues.     auditory cues.      olfactory cues.      touch.

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25.)Women tend to be more sexually aroused by
visual cues.      auditory cues.       olfactory cues.      *touch.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
26.)Most psychologists believe that aggression is
an innate biological response to frustration.         linked to sexual drive.
*a learned response.
a drive that builds up over time and must be released.

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27.)According to Chodorow, the differences in male/female sexuality
result from:
different expectations and standards of treatment from parents, particularly
fathers.     *the different developmental tasks facing boys and girls as they
separate from their female caregiver.     an evolutionary perspective where
it is advantageous for males to impregnate as many women as possible, but is
advantageous for women to be selective about how many males they have sex
with.       different social and cultural cues such a society's double
standard for men and women.

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28.)A need to be with other people is called a(n) ____________ need
social     *affiliation       status        power

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29.)The most basic level of motive according to Maslow is
*physiological need.     self-actualization.       esteem needs.
need for success.

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30.)In Harlow's classic experiments, when the infant monkeys were
frightened they ran to a surrogate "mother" that offered
food and warmth.     food only.       warmth only.
*warmth and closeness.

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31.)According to research done by the FBI, ________ percent of married
couples had engaged in physical violence in their married lives.
*25        35         45         55

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32.)Bandura describes the relationship between frustration and
aggression as which of the following?
Unintentional interference with a task will lead people to become more
aggressive.
*Frustration generates aggression only in those people who have learned
aggression as a coping mechanism.
Frustration almost always leads to aggression.
Frustration is the least important among several types of experiences that can

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33.). Women who have been forced to have sex frequently experience the
symptoms of
generalized anxiety disorder.        bipolar disorder.
*post-traumatic stress disorder.     obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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34.)Which of the following is likely to be significantly affected by
emotional level according to the Yerkes-Dodson law?
watching T.V.    gardening     *taking the college board exams
taking notes in an introductory psychology class

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35.)The theory which maintains that emotions are caused by the
interaction of physiological processes and perception of the situation
is the _________ theory.
James-Lange       activation theory      Cannon-Bard theory
 *cognitive theory

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