 |
CHAPTERS 12 & 13DEVELOPMENT |
|
CHAPTERS 12 & 13DEVELOPMENT |
A. What causes progressive,
developmental changes in cognition?
B. What causes individual
differences in these developments?
C. What is the role
of maturation (nature) and learning (nurture) in cognitive development?
D. To what extent
is development stagelike and discontinuous, and to what
extent is it smooth
and continuous-an uninterrupted, gradual progression?
1. Compare and
contrast the Piagetian and Vygotskian views on these four issues.
What similarities
and differences do these views have?
2. Specify the theory
you believe is more valid, and say why you believe
this way.
II. Identify
the complex cognitive structures found in the early development of infants
and young children.
--from the video clips, cite research on the capabilities of infants and
even prenatal children
-- compare and
contrast early views of infant capabilities with current understandings
Describe how two of the four theorists: Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Montessori would describe the capabilities of children from birth to 5 years old using numerous examples to support your point of view.
III. Explain
the distinguishing characteristics of the longitudinal and cross- sectional
methods of study
--Describe key features of each technique
--Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of each research technique
--Identify commonalities and differences across generations
Select a problem in the field of cognitive or physical development and then write a proposal to investigate it which combine these two methods (cohort sequential). Be sure to employ good scientificmethodology.
IV. Suppose you
were faced with the task of teaching math to a culturally diverse
group of second-graders
(about 7 years old) at an urban elementary school.
a. Discuss what you think Piaget, Bruner, Montessori and Vygotsky would suggest concerning what to teach and how to teach it. (Don't be concerned about the specific content to be taught, just the nature of the learning tasks, and how they might be determined and organized.)
b. When you have
considered what each theoretical perspective might contribute, decide whether
you would adopt one to apply to this scenario, or use a synthesis of two,
three, or all.
In either case, provide
some specific examples of instructional strategies you would derive from
the theory (or theories) you chose.
Your essay, which will
be written in groups of two to four,
TOP
11. List and describe
each of the 8 life stages or crises in Erikson’s
theory: include age,
positive and negative consequences that result from
each. What does
Erikson mean by a life crisis? Describe a "typical" midlife
crisis. What
does Levinson add to Erikson’s theory? What does the term
"social clock" refer
to and give examples? How do both of these theorists
fit into Freudian
thought? Into the nature-nurture controversy? Into the
continuity-discontinuity
debate?
12. Describe the stages
that Kubler-Ross uses for people’s reactions when
they learn they have
a terminal illness.
TOP
Discuss this period in terms of growth in:
a. physical
b. psycho-sexual c. psycho-social
d. intellectual
e. emotional
f. moraldevelopment (key characteristics during the
adolescent period)
Be sure to identify
specific
theorists and how they influenced others in their
thinking (explain
these connections within your essay).
Conclude with a discussion
of whether this period is one of continuous growth (a-f examples) or more
discontinuous growth in the course of the entire lifespan.
1. Read and review
either of the following books about adolescence.
Reviving Ophelia by
Mary Pipher and/or Real Boys by William Pollack.
1. Identify
the book completely: author or editor, full title, publisher,
and place and date
of publication.
2. Describe
the subject and scope of the book.
3. Give information
about the author focusing on his/her qualifications for
writing this book.
4. Outline or
summarize the main problems/topics of your book.
If there are case studies, select several that you feel
are particularly interesting and summarize these.
5. Describe
whether or not the author was able to depict the problems of
adolescence in a realistic way--what that rang true to you based on your
experiences. Use several examples/quotes to illustrate
this.
6. Assess both
the quality of the book in regards to accuracy of psychological content
and readability.
Your review should
be approximately two to three typed pages in length.
2. Interview someone
who has given birth during the past year. Find out the
behavioral changes
she made during pregnancy, prenatal care and any
childbirth courses
she attended. If comfortable, ask her to describe both
the emotional and
physical memories of the actual birth. Summarize your
interview using quotes
where appropriate.
3. Video-tape
a session with children (minimum of 4) who represent each of
the four stages of
Piaget’s intellectual development. Engage each child with
a puzzle, a Piagetian
task (short fat beaker/tall skinny for conservation) or
ask them a series
of questions such as Mommy has four roses, five carnations
and six daisies?
Does mommy have more daisies or flowers?
Develop at least five
questions/tasks which you will give to each child and
then summarize your
findings and opinion of cognition according to
Piaget/Vygotsky theories:
who seems more correct?
4. View
the film On Golden Pond. What themes of aging, dying, parent-child
relations do you see
that relate to the material we are studying?
5. View a television
program designed especially for children: Mister Rogers
Neighborhood, Sesame
Street, Saturday morning cartoons. Describe the
contents of the show.
How is the program designed according to both the
cognitive and social
development of preschool age children? (Piaget,
Vygotsky, Bruner,
Montessori)
6. If you can have
access to an infant less than two months old, try the
following demonstrations
and jot down what happens
a. Babinski reflex
stroke the side of the infant’s foot from heel to toe
b. Moro reflex
produce a sudden loud noise (pop a baloon)
c. Grasp reflex
put a finger against the infant’s open palm
d. Stepping reflex
hold the infant upright and let its feet touch a table. Tilt the
infant forward a little.
e. Rooting reflex
stimulate the infant at the corner of the mouth or on the cheek
f. Withdrawal reflex
prick the heel of the infants foot with a pin. Do this lightly but
then periodically every 30 seconds for about ten minutes.
g. Licking reflex
put a drop of sugar water on the infants tongue
h. Pursing reflex
put a drop of lemon juice on the infant’s tongue
i. Visual tracking
hold a bright object in the infant’s visual field and
slowly move it
j. Infant imittion
face the infant and slowly stick your tongue out. Repeat several
times opening your mouth very wide.
k. Sensory integration
hold a rattle out of the infant’s visual field and shake it.
l. Response to motherese:
1.speak to the
baby as you would to an adult 2. Speak to the baby in motherese
high pitched, simple rhythmic speech most people use when speaking to babies.
3. Repeat both
"speaks" directly facing the infant and then 4. out of its visual field
The format should be
divided chronologically:
birth to two years--interview
with parents or much older siblings
pre-school years--friends,
projects, favorite memories
elementary school--friends,
favorite teachers, favorite subjects, best and worst year and why, accomplishments
intermediate school--much
of same
TJ experience--much
of same
modify the above suggestions
of topics to suit your own criteria but think about the key strands of:
physical, social, cognitive, emotional, moral development.
TOP
Question #2: When a
baby throws its arms outward and arches its back in
response to a loud
noise or physical shock, the baby isdemonstrating which reflex?
Babinski
Moro rooting
stepping
Question #3: A child
has grown to one-half of his or her adult height by roughly what age?
2 years
3 years 4 years
5 years
Question #4: Which
of the following skills does the sensorimotorchild possess?
conservation
reversibility classification.
object permanence
Question #5: Learning
the nature of identity, that a girl doesn't turn into a boy
by wearing a boy's
hat for instance, takes place during which of Piaget's stages?
sensorimotor
preoperational concrete operations
formal operations
Question #6: Which
of the following is an accurate criticism of Piaget's theory?
Children understand
far less than Piaget thought.
Preschoolers are extremely
egocentric.
Piaget underestimated
the cognitive skills of adults.
Changes from one stage
to another are not as clear-cut as Piaget thought.
Question #7: Gender
refers to the
anatomical and physiological
attributes of males and females.
neurological make-up
of the sexes.
brain hemisphere preference
of males and females.
cultural and psychological
attributes that are appropriate for the sexes.
Question #8: According
to Piaget, children below the age of 7 years
understand that rules
are social contracts that can be changed.
believe that good
intentions and fair play are the standards for morality.
consider a person's
intentions over the consequences of an action.
accept that rules
are set by authority figures and are to be followed
Question #9: Which
theorist believed that women base their moral
decisions on principles
of compassion and care and that men based
their moral decisions
on principles of law and justice?
Piaget
Kohlberg Gilligan
Erikson
Question #10: According
to Baumrind, how do the children of authoritarian
parents develop?
They are less socially
skilled and have lower self-esteem than other children.
They have good self-control,
high self-esteem, and are socially mature.
They are impulsive,
immature, and irresponsible.
They are academically
less motivated than other children.
Question #11:
The greatest influence on children's moral behavior is
whether or not
the child's parents remained married to each other.
whether or not the
child's extended family lives nearby.
the degree of self-esteem
the child has for himself or herself.
the expectations others
have for him or her.
Question #12: The period
of development between puberty and adulthood is
childhood.
adolescence. senescence.
infancy.
Question #13: The midlife
cessation of menstruation is called
menarche.
menopause.
postmenstruation
progesterone.
Question #14: Which
of the following is Erikson's stage for infancy?
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus
guilt
competence versus inferiority
Question #15: FAS is
caused by maternal consumption of
alcohol.
prescription drugs.
nicotine.
illicit drugs.
Question #16: The adjustment
of one person's nonverbal behavior to
coordinate with another's
is
accommodation.
synchrony. assimilation.
synthesis.
Question #17: Which
of the following theorists proposed a new theory of
cognitive development
in the 1920s?
Kohlberg
Erikson Gilligan
Piaget
Question #18: Coming
to understand the principles of conversation,
reversibility, and
cause and effect, takes place in which of Piaget's stages?
sensorimotor
preoperational concrete operations
formal operations
Question #19:
Abstract reasoning takes place in which of Piaget's cognitive stages?
sensorimotor
preoperational concrete operations
formal operations
Question #20: A fundamental
sense of maleness or femaleness, gender
identity, typically
is developed in children by the age of
2 to 3 years.
4 to 5 years. 6 to 7 years.
8 to 9 years.
Question #21: Once
a boy has a concept of himself as male, he automatically
values "boy things'
and dislikes "girl things," without being taught. This is known as
gender schema.
gender identity. gender typing. gender
socialization.
Question #22: When
children develop a morality that is based upon trust,
conformity, and loyalty
to others, they are in which of Kohlberg's stages?
stage 2
stage 3 stage 4
stage 5
Question #23: Children
of parents whose method of discipline is power assertion
are more empathic.
are more aggressive. have high moral standards.
resist temptation
easily.
Question #24: In general,
_____ parents have the best results with their children.
authoritative
authoritarian permissive
independent
Question #25: Using
Baumrind's research into parenting, whichcharacterizes
the authoritative
parenting style?
failing to
state rules clearly and consistently communicating
one-way
emotional support
and two-way communication
expecting the
child to listen and obey
Question #26: According
to research on adolescence, most adolescents
do not go through
emotional turmoil. attempt suicide at one time or another.
drop out of
school for a while.
run away from home at least once.
Question #27: Which
of the following characterizes crystallized intelligence?
It is the capacity
for deductive reasoning. It declines throughout adulthood.
It parallels
biological capacities in its growth and decline.
It depends on culture,
education, and experience.
Question #28:
Researchers refer to children who survive and do well in spite
of having dysfunctional
parents as
survivors.
assimilators.
resilient
dependent.
TOP