1.In 1905,
devised the first intelligence test.
2.In 1879, the first psychology laboratory
was established by
in
Leipzig, Germany.
3.The first woman to hold a Ph.D.
in psychology (conferred in 1894) was
.
4.The individual who established
the first American psychology laboratory (at
Johns Hopkins in 1883), established
the first professional journal in founded
the
American Psychological Association
(in 1892) was
.
5.
, an experimental psychologist, was the first States (conferred
in 1920).
6.
charged that psychoanalytic theory as developed by
was
male-biased.
7.The doctrine known as dualism,
which holds that reality is composed of two
entities, mind and matter, was advocated
by the philosopher-mathematician
.
8.The German psychologist,
, first proposed the ideas embraced by Gestalt
psychology.
9.The school of psychology known
as behaviorism was founded with the
publication of an influential book
written by .
10.
developed a rigorous empirical approach to the study of
memory.
11.The humanistic psychologist who
stressed the importance of positive growth
and self-actualization was
.
12.The German physicist and physiologist
who stressed the importance of
rigorous and objective scientific
methods in the study of the activities of
the human brain and who showed that
mental events had a physiological basis
was .
13.The English philosopher,
, argued that all knowledge is the result of
experience, a view that became known
as empiricism.
14.The French surgeon,
, proposed that language is
controlled by the left side of the
human brain.
15.
developed a form of therapy called client-centered therapy, which
stresses humanistic ideals such
as positive personal growth.
16.The early American psychologist
who discovered the law of effect was
.
17.The Irish bishop, philosopher,
and mathematician who argued that people
must learn how to perceive stimuli
and events in their environments was
.
18.The naturalist whose research
and writings on the origin of species had a
directive influence on the early
school of psychology known as functionalism
was .
19.
was a German researcher whose research led to important
discoveries in the study of the
relationship of physical properties of
stimuli to the perceptions they
produce.
20.The doctrine of specific nerve
energies, espoused by the German
physiologist,
, holds that different nerve fibers convey specific types of
information from the body to the
brain or from the brain to the body.
21.The use of electrical stimulation
as a means to study the brain as well as
to map its functions was first demonstrated
by what two scientists
.
22.One of the most influential psychologists
of the 20th century,
advocated the idea that behavior
is controlled by its consequences.
23.
was the first African-American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in
psychology in the United States.
24.Principles of Psychology, authored
by , had a profound influence on the
early development of psychology.
25. ,
who was awarded a Nobel Prize for work in the area of digestion,
discovered that animals could learn
to respond to completely arbitrary
stimuli.
Study #1:
Marcie and Sean are students in
an introductory psychology course. As an
assignment,their instructor has
asked students in the class "pair up" and to "gather some real life descriptive
data and calculate the mean, median, mode, and range of those data."
Sean tells Marci that this will be
an easy assignment since he is a
student-manager of the school's
basketball team, the members of which he is sure will let him take their
height measurements. He asks Marci to meet him at 2:00 in the gymnasium
where they will measure the height of each of the team's 15 members.
The members of the basketball team
gladly cooperate with Marci and Sean. In
their report to the class Marci
and Sean write: "The mean height of the basketball team is 6'7," the median
height is 6' 5," the modal height is 6" 8," and the range of heights is
6'2" to 7'1." In conclusion, the average height of male students at our
school is very tall."
Answer
Study #2:
Ani has long been interested in
dating relationships. One issue that she has
wondered about was whether the length
of a couple's courtship affects how happy the couple is in their
marriage. She decides to carry out a brief research project to examine
this issue.
She randomly selects ten married
couples to participate. She independently
asks each partner in each couple
to answer two questions: First, how long did they date prior to their marriage,
and second, on a scale of 1 to 10, how happy are they in their marriage.
After collecting and analyzing her
data, she concludes that people who date
each other for long periods of time
prior to their marriage, are happier in their marriage. Thus, longer periods
of courtship cause happier marriages."
Answer
Study #3:
Antonio has just completed a paper
for his introductory psychology course.
His work is based on his personal
account of a high school classmate and friend of his that was recently
convicted in a serial murder case. His paper is a biographical account
of this person's early youth and adolescence and the factors during these
times that may have contributed to his killing sprees. Near the end
of his paper, Antonio concludes, "Thu factors such as these, which occur
during a person's early youth and teenage years, seem
to play a major role in contributing
to people becoming serial murderers.
Answer
Study #4:
Dr. Lizzie Taylor is a psychopharmacologist
who believes that she has
developed a safe drug to enhance
memory. To test her new drug, she gives a single dose of the compound to
each of 15 volunteers. She allows the drug 30 minutes to take effect prior
to asking her subjects to memorize a list of 50 Hebrew nouns. She then
records how nouns each subject memorized correctly. She finds that all
of her subjects correctly recalled about 75 percent of the nouns. She concludes
that her drug did indeed enhance their memories. (To her credit, Dr. Taylor
made sure that her subjects were of average intelligence, were taking no
other drugs or medications immediately prior to her
study, and were not familiar with
the Hebrew language.)
Answer
Study #5:
Suppose that you are a graduate
teaching assistant (GTA) for an introductory
psychology class. The class instructor
has assigned each student in the
course to write a brief research
proposal that outlines an experiment that he or she would like to conduct.
Just before the project is due, a student, Lindy, approaches you and asks
you for suggestions regarding his proposal.
He proposes a study in which two
groups of subjects will be tested for
reaction time to stopping a vehicle
in response to red lights. (He is proposing to use a driving simulator
in which subjects would sit and watch a display screen. Occasionally, a
red light will appear on the screen. The subject's task is to step on the
brake pedal as fast as possible in response to seeing the red light. The
reaction time is the time between the subject seeing the red light and
stepping on the brake pedal.) One group of subjects, the experimental group,
will be given a moderate dose of alcohol 30 minutes prior to being tested
in the simulator. The other group, the control group, will be given a placebo
(in this case, a substance which looks, tastes, and smells like an alcoholic
beverage, but is nonalcoholic) 30 minutes prior to being tested in the
simulator.
You point out to him that this is
an interesting study, but that he has
overlooked several variables that
might confound it and should therefore be controlled for. What are some
of the confounding variables that you pointed out, and what suggestions
did you offer for controlling these variables?