CHAPTER TENPERSONALITY |
 SPURZHEIM-PHRENOLOGY |
CHAPTER TENPERSONALITY |
SPURZHEIM-PHRENOLOGY |
Freudian
Psychoanalytic Theory:
1. Name the two sources
of instinctual energy. How are aggression and
self-destructive urges
negatively correlated according to Freud?
2. List and describe
the functions of each of Freud’s divisions of the mind
and their interactions.
Compare and contrast the reality vs. the pleasure
principle.
3. List the defense
mechanism described in Table 10-4 and give an example of
each and how it defends
the ego from anxiety.
4. List and describe
Freud’s psychosexual stages; include approximate ages
for each and the crisis
of each and how this might relate to adult problems
later on.
5. Describe the Oedipal
crisis and how it leads to castration anxiety,
identification with
the father, repression and the latency stage of
psychosexual development.
Contrast this with the Electra crisis and explain
how it begins and
leads to penis envy.
6. Why does Freudian
psychoanalysis place so much emphasis on determining the
contents of the unconscious
mind? What are the continuing, important
contributions that
Freud’s theory has given us? How has Freud’s emphasis on
sexual energy influenced
other theorists?
Neo-Freudian
Theories
1. List and describe
the three levels of consciousness given by Jung.
Describe what he meant
by a "complex"and archetypes and where they came from
and relate these to
personality. How do the anima, animus, persona and
shadow archetypes
play a role in determining behavior.
2. According to Adler,
what is an example of fictional finalism and how does
it lead to predictable
behavior patterns in a variety of situations? What
are the roles of inferiority
and superiority in Adler’s personality theory?
3. Explain what Karen
Horney meant by womb envy and give an example of how
this might be reflected
in men’s behavior.
TOP
Humanistic Theories
1. Describe the fundamental
importance of self-actualization to humanistic
theories of personality.
Explain how Rogers’ theory of positive regard can
interfere with growth
toward self-actualization.
2. Speculate as to
how Rogers’ theories of unconditional positive regard, the
importance of the
phenomenal experience, and self-actualization into
psychotherapy.
3. List and describe
two key criticisms of the humanistic theory of
personality.
TOP
Biological Theory
1. List the three
basic somatotypes proposed by William Sheldon and briefly
describe the personality
traits associated with them.
2. Evaluate the current
status of Sheldon’s theory of somatotypes.
3. Summarize the relationship
between genetics and personality.
Issues to consider
in comparing and contrasting personality theories:
1, trait vs.
situational aspects of personality
2. the nomothetic
vs. idiographic approaches to personality
3. The role of unconscious
determinants of behavior
4. The importance
of heredity vs. environment in behavior
5. The importance
of early childhood events
6. Development in
stages (continuity vs discontinuity)
7. Whether the totality
of the personality is considered (holism)
8. Whether there is
an important ego or self concept
9. The importance
of the social context
10. The role of perception
(phenomenal experience) in behavior
11. The role of psychic
energy in behavior
12. The role of future
goals vs. past experiences as determinants of behavior.
TOP
I. The title should reveal the purpose
or objective of the project. Ex. An
Analysis of John Jones' Personality.
II. The introduction tells about
the objective. For example, The objective of
this personality project is to describe
the characteristics, traits, and
qualities of John Jones' personality.
(Remember, scientific writing is in
the third person.)
The introduction should also mention
each of the 10 major personality tests
that you took. Also remember to
use transitions wherever they are needed. It
must read smoothly.
III. Procedure- The subject will
take 10 personality tests and report the
results of each. The subject will
critically evaluate each test and cite
reasons for agreement or disagreement
with the test findings.
IV. Apparatus- 10 Personality tests
are required. You may select any ten that you
would like to take from either the
links below or other books, etc.
V. Results- Summarize the pertinent
information about each test and indicate
specific results or scores. You
are encouraged to print out the results for
each test. You should then interpret
the results by stating what the test
creator concludes about your personality
(or paste it into this section).
Next you should indicate whether
you agree with each important point that is
made about your personality.
For each test you take you must do the following:
A. Write the Name of Test ...
B. Describe what it measures... (you
can copy and paste the description of
what the test measures from the
web site if you so desire. Or you can explain
it in your own words if you want
to.)
C. Cite Important findings according
to the tester ... (you can copy and
paste the description, interpretation
or results of your test from the web
site, if you so desire. Or you can
explain it in your own words if you
prefer.)
D. Agree or disagree with the above
findings and support you viewpoint. ...
You may write this "D" part in first
person, but not A, B, or C.
NOTE:
Be sure to skip a line between tests
oskip a line between point A and B
of each test. oNumber
each test in this section.
When finished, the form of this section should look like the sample below:
V. RESULTS:
Test 1
A. Name of test- Keirsey Temperament
Sorter This is the Kiersey-Bates
version of the Myer-Briggs personality
type indicator.
B. This test measures...
C. Cite Important findings according
to the tester ...
D. Agree or disagree with the above
findings and support you viewpoint.
VI. Findings- This section is important.
You may write this section using
first person.
Summarize and generalize about what
you have learned or confirmed about your
personality. Indicate any lingering
questions, concerns, or reservations that
you have on this topic.
Critically evaluate the tests and
procedures used. For example: "The
interpretation of the test was uncelar...
Appendix I Use
a different appendix to attach any documents associated
with any of the tests. You may not
have to use the appendix. (If you save the
actual test you took, put it here
in a separate appendix for each test.)
Appendix II ...
THE PAPER SHOULD BE TYPED!
http://www.2h.com/Tests/personality.phtml
http://www.queendom.com/tests.html
the above link may be connected to by aol browsers
http://www.keirsey.com/
http://www.cmi-lmi.com/enterppp.html
II. Mini-project: Select a
current movie or TV show with a strong male or
female character. Analyze
the character through the eyes of each of the
following theorists:
Psychoanalytic- Sigmund Freud
Social psychoanalytic – Alfred Adler
Behaviorist - Albert Bandura
Humanistic - Carl Rogers
Essay must include
1. Introductory paragraph
2. Explanation of the theory
(short)
3. Relate how each of the
theories relates to the character
4. Summary paragraph include
which one of the above you think analyze the
character the best and why.
III. Carl Jung discusses the persona
and the shadow. The persona is a mask
we wear in social situations: different
situations and people call for
slightly different masks.
The interior world is hidden from view-our shadow
we hope to always keep hidden as
it includes our animalistic instincts.
You are to create a mask (papier-mache
or other material). The outside of
the mask should represent your personality
as you think others see you and
how you see yourself and the inside
of the mask should represent your inner
personality that is not revealed.
You should include a brief description of
why you decorated the outside as
you did, but the inside portrait shall
remain your "secret".
Decorations can come from magazines, acrylic paints,
sequins, glitter, feathers, and
any materials that work for you.
IV. Select a minimum of three personality
theorists from this unit and pick a
friend and write a personality portrait
of them from these three different
perspectives. Make at least
ten references (internal citations as to
theorist) in the paper in developing
this portrait.
V. Design your own projective
personality test and give this to a
minimum of 25 people. This can be
an inkblot you make, a picture that has
some ambiguous intent, a sentence
completion test or a word association test.
Compile and analyze your results
in terms of reliability and validity. Do
not include names of your participants,
but you may want to identify by age
and sex.
VI. Design your own project.
1. Which of the
following is not a component of the psychological concept of personality?
uniqueness
desirability consistency
stability
2. Which
of the following is the main assumption underlying projective tests?
Clients will reveal
unconscious aspects of their personality via their interpretations.
Clients who interpret
the ambiguous figures correctly are less disturbed than those who do not.
Clients can be evaluated
as to suitability for certain occupations.
Clients who perceive
unusual content in the ambiguous figures are creative and intelligent.
3. Andrea
describes her best friend as warm, assertive,adventuresome, and very intelligent.
Which of the following is Andrea describing?
her friend's self-concept
her friend's personality traits
her friend's unconscious
motivations her friend's personality structure
4. At
home and at school, Annie is conscientious, honest in all her dealings
with people, well-groomed, and rather sociable. On her frequent solitary
vacation trips, her room is a constant mess. She wears the same unwashed
clothes for days, and celebrates when clerks and servers make money mistakes
in her favor.
Which of the following
does Annie's behavior support?
the Barnum Effect
unconscious motivations inconsistency in personality
self-efficacy
5. What
was the name of an unscientific approach to personality involving the examination
of bumps on the skull?
somatotyping
trait theory the bodily humors theory
phrenology
6. Jason and
Kevin are monozygotic twins who were adopted by very different kinds of
families. They had no contact with each other until adulthood. Which of
the following is most likely?
They are more similar to their adoptive siblings than to each other.
Their nonshared environments have exaggerated any inherent differences
between them.
They have developed very different values and lifestyles.
They are very similar to each other on a whole range of personality factors.
7. Which
of the following did Freud believe caused mental and emotional disorders?
learned instincts
a history of severe physical punishment
unconscious
conflicts, especially about sexual matters an overly powerful superego
8. How
does psychoanalytic theory view anxiety?
a physiological response mediated by the limbic system
a sign of unconscious conflict
a defense mechanism that helps us cope with the demands of others
the result of a serious blow to the self-concept
9. Dalia
is feeling very attracted to a fellow student. That evening, she is especially
loving to her boyfriend Niloy. Which of the following defense mechanisms
would Freud suggest Dalia is using?
reaction formation
projection sublimation displacement
10. The
Oedipal and Electra complexes are associated with which psychosexual stage?
anal
phallic
latency
oral
11. Which
of the following matches is incorrect?
Adler — reciprocal
determinism Horney — basic
anxiety
Cattell — surface
traits
Jung — archetypes
12. Alex feels
very confident and competent speaking in front of the class. However, when
he tries to make conversation with an attractive young lady in his math
class (Laura), he stutters, mispronounces words, and is generally overcome
with anxiety. Which of the following seem to differ in the two situations?
Alex's psychic
determinism
Alex's self-efficacy
Alex's reciprocal
determinism
Alex's locus of control
13. According
to Carl Rogers, when does maladjustment occur?
when one's sense of self-efficacy is very low
when one does not self-actualize
when there is a great incongruence between the real and ideal selves
when one develops a more external locus of control
14. Who
described surface and source traits?
Eysenck Freud
Cattell Sheldon
15. According
to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, an unstable introverted
person would be
sanguine. choleric. melancholic.
phlegmatic.
16. A person who is
adventurous and spontaneous would be high on
which Big Five trait?
extroversion
conscientiousness emotional stability agreeableness
17. According
to Freud, the part of the personality ruled by the
pleasure principle is the
superego.
libido. id.
ego.
18.
A two-year-old child would be in which of Freud's stages of development?
anal
latency phallic
oral
19. The focus
of pleasure in the phallic stage is the
genitals.
stomach. mouth.
bowels.
20.
Who conceived of the idea of a collective unconscious?
Jung
Adler Freud
Horney
21. Which psychodynamic
theorist argued that people are at risk to
develop an inferiority
complex?
Jung
Horney Bandura
Adler
22. Which
of the following theorists was a behaviorist?
Adler
Skinner Maslow
Jung
23.
Bandura and Mischel developed which perspective?
social learning
behavioral humanistic
psychoanalysis
24. Behavioral
geneticists have generally found that of the
personality traits
with a known genetic influence, about _____
percent of the variance
is due to genes.
70 to 80
less than 10 20 to 50
100
25. Which
of the following pairs of theorists are humanistic psychologists?
Skinner and Watson
Maslow and Rogers Adler and Horney
Mischel and Bandura
26.
Which of the following concepts is linked to Carl Rogers?
reciprocal determinism
unconditional positive regard
self-efficacy
self-actualization
27. Cross-cultural
studies have found that compared to females,
males are more
nurturing.
deferential. affiliative.
autonomous.
28. Jie is describing
what he sees in a set of inkblots. He is taking the
TAT.
16PF. MMPI.
Rorschach.
29.
Which of the following tests has ten clinical scales?
Rorschach
16PF MMPI TAT
30. Which
of the following is an accurate statement concerning
objective tests?
Respondents' accuracy
can be tested.
They provide a good
frame of reference.
They underestimate
personality variance across cultures.
They are accurate
with various cultural groups.
TOP
a. how does the approach view
human nature--is it good, bad, neutral? and
give a specific example or more
of how the theorist supports or expands upon
this view.
b. what research methods are
employed by this approach in its study of
personality? Give a specific
example of how and where this theorist
developed his theory? how
scientific and valid do you feel it is?
c. what specific motivating
force or goal seems to be characteristic of this
approach to personality? Describe
the goals and/or motivating force
according to this theorist.
d. list the key constructs
one would attribute to this approach?
specifically describe 2-3 key constructs
that this theorist elaborated upon
and found important.
II.
Introduction: The psychoanalytic,
behavioristic and humanistic perspectives
evolved through the first part of
the twentieth century. Briefly in two
sentences a piece, summarize the
key ideas of each approach.
Body: Select 3 themes from
the 10 listed below. Select 3 theorists for each
theme (do not repeat a theorist
more than twice). Describe, define, give
examples, or compare and contrast
in a comprehensive manner:
Themes
1. Stages of personality
development
2. View of major cause of
psychopathology
3. Personality measurements
and tests utilized
4. Role of unconscious vs
conscious in personality
5. Psychological Types reflected
by social factors
6. Life influences which impacted
their theory (specific examples in theory)
7. List of needs of humans
8. Deterministic theories
(control of personality)
9. Implications for or development
of Therapy
10. Polarities--theories with
opposing factors
Conclusion: Select and describe
any three concepts from this unit that you
were able to easily identify with
and apply to yourself. Of all the
theorists, which one did you find
yourself agreeing the most strongly with
and why?
III. Compare and contrast the
following theorists to Freud:
a. Carl Jung b. Erich Fromm
c. Alfred Adler d. Karen Horney
Include in your essay the following
points minimally
a. unconscious and conscious mind
b. personality development
c. overall purpose/goal in life
d. key constructs.
Remember, you must show both similarities
and differences!!
IV. Compare and contrast the five
perspectives on personality for any one of
the themes below. Next,
select a different theme and describe how each of
the following theorists would use
their concepts and theory to give specific
evidence to address this second
theme:
Skinner, May, Kelly
and Sheldon.
1. Free will vs. determinism. Are
we and the world completely determined? Is
the sense that we make choices just
an illusion?
2. Uniqueness vs. universality. Is
each person unique, or will we eventually
discover universal laws which will
explain all of human behavior?
3. Physiological vs. purposive motivation.
Are we more "pushed" by basic
physiological needs, such as the
need for food, water, and sexual activity?
Or are we more "pulled" by our purposes,
goals, values, principles, and so
on?
4. Conscious vs. unconscious motivation.
Is much, most, or even all of our
behavior and experience determined
by unconscious forces, i.e. forces of
which we are not aware?
5. Nature vs. nurture.
Is man more a product of instincts, biological urges
and innate tendencies and predispositions
or is he a product of the
environment and society which he
grows up in and continually changing?