CHAPTER 14SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
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2. Self
a. independent b. interdependent
c. possible self
d. self-esteem e. self-efficacy
3. Locus of Control a. internal b. external
4. Biases in Self Perception
a. better-than-average
b. false consensus c. false uniqueness
d. self-handicapping
5. Attribution Theory:
Kelly
Person vs. Situation
Attributions measured in terms of stable/unstable
a.distinctiveness:
occur only when entity is present?
b. consistency:
over time/modality
c. consensus:
behaviors of others
Fundamental Attribution Error:
Jonestown, Milgram Obedience Study
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
Attributional Styles: optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles
Self-Serving Attributional
Biases: a. self-enhancing b. self-protective
c. self-centered
Biases in Judgments of Others:
a. Overconfidence Phenomenon
b. Confirmation Bias c. Self-fulfilling
Prophecy (Rosenthal)
d. Representative heuristice. e. Base-Rate
Fallacy
f. Availability Heuristic
g. Illusory Correlation
1. Prejudice a.
stereotype b. prejudice c. discrimination
a. Contact
theory:
Aronson: jigsaw classroom to reduce racial/ethnic prejudice
b. Cooperation
vs Competition Sherif: boys camp emergency situation
c.
Formation of Prejudice Brown Eye/Blue Eye experiment
| STANLEY MILGRAM--OBEDIENCE STUDY | ELECTRIC SHOCKS TO LEARNER--60% COMPLIANCE |
| PHILIP ZIMBARDO--STANFORD UNIV. PRISON STUDY | SIMULATION OF GUARDS/PRISONERS ROLES--ETHICAL PROBLEMS AND HAD TO BE CALLED OFF IN SIX DAYS |
| FESTINGER--COGNITIVE DISSONANCE STUDY | BORING TASK--LIE--$1 OR $20--$1
NOT JUSTIFY LIE
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE CONFLICT/CHANGE ONE |
| SHERIF BOYS CAMP STUDY--COOPERATION | COMPETITION IN GROUP BRING HOSTILE
ENVIRONMENT
SUPERORDIANTE GOAL--COOPERATION-REDUCE TENSION |
| LATANE & DARLEY--DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY | KITTY GENOVESE CASE SPURRED INTEREST
EMERGENCY CREATED-LARGER NUMBER OF PEOPLE AROUND LESS PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY INDIVIDUAL FEELS |
| ROSENTHAL & JACOBSEN--BLOOMER STUDY | SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY--TEACHERS WHO WERE TOLD CERTAIN STUDENTS WOULD "BLOOM" UNWITTINGLY CAUSED THE STUDENTS TO DO BETTER THAN NON BLOOMERS |
| SOLOMON ASCH--CONFORMITY STUDY | FAKE VISUAL PERCEPTION TEST--SIX CONFEDERATES LIE ABOUT WHICH LINE MATCHES BASE LINE TO SEE IF SUBJECT WILL CONFORM--33% CONFORM SOME OF THE TIME |
| JANE ELLIOT--BROWN EYE/BLUE EYE PREJUDICE STUDY | THIRD GRADERS DIVIDED INTO SUPERIOR BLUE EYED CHILDREN AND INFERIOR BROWN EYED CHILDREN RESULT IN IMMEDIATE DISCRIMINATION/PREJUDICE |
| ARONSON & GONZALES--JIGSAW CLASSROOM | EXPERT GROUPS/JIGSAW GROUPS--CONTACT INCREASE ESTEEM AND PRESTIGE OF HISPANIC/BLACK KIDS IN TEXAS SCHOOLS |
| TOM MORIARTY--BEACH THEFT EXPERIMENT | HUMAN BOND FORMED WHEN ASK OTHERS TO WATCH OVER BELONGINGS--TAKE PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY |
5=strongly agree with statement
4=moderately agree 3=neutral
2=moderately disagree 1=strongly
disagree.
1. We were attracted to each
other immediately after we first met.
2. I try to keep them a little
uncertain about my commitment to them.
3. To be genuine, our love first
required caring for a while.
4. I try to help them when
they are going through difficult times.
5. When things aren't right
between us, my stomach gets upset.
6. There is the right physical
chemistry between us.
7. I tend to put their happiness
before my own.
8. If they ignore me for a
while, I sometimes do stupid things to try to
gain back their attention.
9. It would be easy for me
to get out of a relationship quickly.
10. When I fall in love, I
can't concentrate on anything else.
11. Whenever they become too
dependent on me, I want to back off a little.
12. I believe that whether
or not the other person would make a good parent
is important.
13. I enjoy playing the game
of love with more than one person at a time.
14. I feel that we were meant
for each other.
15. Whatever I win or have
is theirs to use as they choose.
16. I expect to always be
friends with them even if the relationship doesn't
work out.
17. Our love is the best kind
because it grew out of a long friendship.
18. I've sometimes had to
hide my feelings about others around them.
19. We really understand each
other.
20. I tried to plan my life
carefully before choosing anyone.
21. I believe it is best to
love someone with a similar background to mine.
22. Breaking up would cause
me to become depressed and even
think of suicide.
23. I become very jealous
when I suspect them of cheating on me.
24. I considered what they are going
to become in life before I commit myself
to them.
25. Our love merged gradually
out of a long friendship.
26. They fit my ideal standards
of physical beauty/handsomeness.
27. I'd endure all things
for their sake.
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2. Attribution involves
people focusing on two different types of causes:
a. cognitive and behavioral.
b. dispositional and situational.
c. biological and environmental.
d. social and nonsocial.
3. The tendency
of people to explain their behavior in terms of situational factors and
others' behavior in terms of dispositional factors is termed
a. belief in a just world.
b. the actor-observer effect.
c. the distinctiveness principle. d. self-serving
bias.
4. When Jarrad sees
Maggie, Maggie always smiles and is extremely nice. Now everytime Jarrad
sees her, he feels happy and excited. Jarrads attitude toward Maggie was
influenced by
a.
modeling.
b. direct classical conditioning.
c. vicarious
classical conditioning. d. none of the above
5. If we find
ourselves avoiding people who pierce their noses and lips, we are likely
to conclude that we have a negative attitude toward people who are "into"
such forms of body piercing. This is an example of which factor that
influences attitude-behavior relations?
a. the degree of specificity of
the attitude b. self-attribution
c. the motivational relevance
of behavior d. constraints on behavior
6. The theory that we
come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior
and the circumstances under which it occurs is called _________ theory.
a. self-attribution b. cognitive dissonance
c. self-perception
d. self-schema
7. A stereotype
that causes a person to act in a manner that is consistent with that stereotype
is called
a. an illusory correlation. b. an illusion of out-group
homogeneity.
c. attributional bias.
d. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
8. One explanation for
the failure of people to come to the aid of a person in need, particular
when others are present is
a. deindividuation. b. social loafing. c.
diffusion of responsibility.
d. groupthink.
9. The tendency to become
a social loafer is greater among __________ than it is among__________,
and greater for people living in _________ cultures than people living
in _________ cultures.
a. men; women; Eastern; Western b. men; women; Western; Eastern
c. women; men; Eastern; Western d. women; men; Western; Eastern
10. When
the subject and learner were placed in different rooms, what percentage
of subjects in Milgram's obedience study gave the learner what they believed
to be a 450 volt electric shock?
a. 30 b. 40
c. 50 d. 60
11. The likely decision-making
outcomes of groupthink include all of the following EXCEPT
a. the illusion of invulnerability.
b. the failure to consider the risks involved.
c. incomplete or no research on the issue at hand.
d. a failure to examine alternative courses of action.
12. The men in the Dutton
and Aron study who were interviewed by the woman on the suspension bridge
a. reported high levels of anxiety because of their fear of heights.
b. reported low levels of anxiety, presumably because of the drug the
researcher had given them.
c. were reported by the woman to be of only average looks.
d. were attracted to her.
13. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
a. At the core of the self-concept is the self.
b. Thinking of ourselves as we are at present accurately reflects our
potential selves.
c. People in Western cultures emphasize the relatedness of individuals
to
each other.
d. Each of us has many potential selves that we might become, depending
on our experience.
14.
___________ is the aspect of attribution that focuses on the extent to
which a person's behavior is similar across both time and settings.
a. Consistency b. Consensus c. Distinctiveness
d. Discounting
15. Suppose that you
have a lot of friends who do not drink alcoholic beverages. Suppose further
that you are asked in a class to answer the following question: "How manypeople
do you think drink alcoholic beverages?" You reply, "Not many," based on
the number of your friends who imbibe. In this case you have made an error
based on your use of the _________ heuristic.
a. representativeness b. availability c. general d. similarity
16. Attitudes
that are formed by observing the emotional responses of others are learned
through the process of __________ classical conditioning.
a. vicarious b. direct c. implicit
d. explicit
17. According
to Festinger, inconsistencies between behavior and cognitions give rise
to __________, which motivate(s) a person to __________ it.
a. confusion and apathy; reduce b. counterattitudinal behavior;
increase
c. dissonance; reduce
d. arousal; increase
18. The results of Sherifs
classic study involving young campers suggests that prejudice is increased
by _________ and decreased by __________.
a. competition; cooperation b. collaboration;
cooperation
c. cooperation; competition d. cooperation;
collaboration
19. A person who acts
like he or she is a subject in an experiment but who is really an assistant
of the experimenter is called a(n)
a. stooge. b. experimental decoy. c. accomplice. d. confederate.
20. Zajonc's explanation
of social facilitation centers on the idea of
a. competence. b. compliance. c. social norms.
d. arousal.
21. Suppose that you
are asked by a charity to donate a few dollars to its cause (and you do).
Suppose also, that afterwards, the charity approaches you again and asks
you to donate several thousand dollars more. The technique that this charity
is using to get you to comply with their request is called the _________
technique.
a. door-in-the-face b. low-balling c. foot-in-the-door
d. norm of reciprocity
22. The tendency for
the initial feelings or thoughts of a group to become exaggerated during
a discussion that precedes a decision is called
a. groupthink. b. group mindset. c. group tilt.
d. group polarization.
23. A person who
likes cooking, gardening, and ice hockey is most likely to be attracted
to a person who likes
a. eating pizza and drinking while watching bowling on television.
b. to do similar activities.
c. to do things other than cooking, gardening, and watching ice hockey.
d. opposite sorts of activities.
24. According
to Sternberg, romantic love includes
a. intimacy and passion.
b. intimacy and commitment.
c. passion and commitment.
d. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
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Solomon
Asch