Chief Joseph of the Nez Pearce


When his father died in 1871, Joseph was elected to succeed him. He inherited not only a name but a situation made increasingly volatile as white settlers continued to arrive in the Wallowa Valley. Joseph staunchly resisted all efforts to force his band onto the small Idaho reservation, and in 1873 a federal order to remove white settlers and let his people remain in the Wallowa Valley made it appear that he might be successful. But the federal government soon reversed itself, and in 1877 General Oliver Otis Howard threatened a cavalry attack to force Joseph's band and other hold-outs onto the reservation. Believing military resistance futile, Joseph reluctantly led his people toward Idaho.

Joseph's fame did him little good. Although he had surrendered with the understanding that he would be allowed to return home, Joseph and his people were instead taken first to eastern Kansas and then to a reservation in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) where many of them died of epidemic diseases. Although he was allowed to visit Washington, D.C., in 1879 to plead his case to U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, it was not until 1885 that Joseph and the other refugees were returned to the Pacific Northwest. Even then, half, including Joseph, were taken to a non-Nez Percé reservation in northern Washington, separated from the rest of their people in Idaho and their homeland in the Wallowa Valley.

Oskanondonha


English speakers wrote his name in a bewildering variety of ways including Skenando, Skenandoa, and Skonondon. Among the translations given for this name are Aged Hemlock, Ghost Faced, and Running Deer. His real name, pronounced (H)o-ska-non-don-ha, means the Deer. He took the Christian name John when baptized, probably in the 1760s.

He must have epitomized the ideals of leadership to an extraordinary degree. Freedom-loving Oneidas obeyed their chiefs only to the extent that the leaders continued to be respected and to inspire confidence. Both sachems and chief warriors were expected to be generous and so selflessly concerned for the common good that they would consider the interests of those unborn seven generations into the future. All Oneida leaders worked hard and quietly to build consensus on important issues. The Oneidas respected the ancient titles and traditions of the sachems but took a practical view of leadership.

The Oneida Nation chose to support the colonists' fight for liberty during the Revolutionary War. Oneidas contributed greatly to the American victory and sacrificed much for their stand. Their part in the war is still neglected by historians.

The Oneida Nation sent its warriors to battlegrounds ranging from Valley Forge, PA to the Canadian border of New York during the Revolution.The price paid by the Oneida Nation for this stand is almost beyond comprehension. They lost their homes and property, they endured starvation, disease, and the sometimes violent bigotry of their allies; and they lost the lives of at least a third of their people. At the most crucial moment of the conflict, in the decisive year of war, the Oneidas stood forth and played a strategically significant role in the American Revolution.
Oskanondonha played a key role in the Oneida decision to back the American cause. This was common knowledge in his time. As noted in his obituary: "In the Revolutionary War, his influence induced the Oneidas to take up arms in favor of the Americans."

Tecumseh (and his brother, the Prophet)


On 5 October 1813, Tecumseh (also known as Tecumthe), the leader of an Indian confederacy, died at the Battle of The Thames. Before his death, Tecumseh wielded more power than any other North American Indian before him did, and no other Indian after him would ever come close to his domination. His power was not due to the number of his followers, but on the strategic importance and potential that the confederation held along the western frontier. The Indians that joined him came from thirty-two tribes and his authority spread across an area of nearly half a million square miles, greater in size than the United States itself in 1812. The death of Tecumseh shook the various Indian tribes to their very roots. Although they would not know this until years later, his death signaled the beginning of the end of any large-scale organized Indian resistance in North America. His death also ended Indian support to the British in the western theater of operations during the War of 1812. When Tecumseh died, the British did not lose a subservient Indian leader, but a man more powerful and capable than any British officer in the western theater. The Americans won not only the Battle of the Thames when he died, but also the western theater.

Tecumseh was an Indian who believed in retaining the traditional ways, he preferred the traditional tomahawk and bow and arrow over the British guns and rifles. However, he was not foolhardy enough to not recognize their power. He also despised the influence that the Americans had on the Indian way of life. Indians continued to slaughter animals in the forests for their fur and were at the mercy of white traders. When he died in 1813, so did his dream of the United Native American Nation.

Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh's younger brother, joined him in his dream of peace. Tenskwatawa believed the Great Spirit had given him magic powers and that he could tell the future. This is why he is referred to as the Prophet. Late in 1811 Harrison led one thousand men to attack Tippecanoe. Tenekwatawa told the Indians that his magic powers would protect them from the gunpowder. Many Indians died in the battle.

Andrew Jackson


Andrew Jackson gained fame as a national hero in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. The victory gave America a major morale boost, even though it came after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. Americans would remember Jackson's heroics 14 years later when they elected him as the 7th President in the Election of 1828. Before his presidency, Jackson was a supporter for Indian removal. Following orders from President Monroe, Jackson pursued a military campaign into Spanish Florida in 1818. Jackson was especially vengeful of the Seminoles for harboring runaway slaves. From 1818 to 1824 Jackson played a major role in seven Indian removal treaties. In the treaties, the Indians agreed to voluntary migration to lands in the west. In this way, the U.S. obtained sizable land in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and Florida. As president, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which called for the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans in lands west of the Mississippi. The Cherokees challenged the coercive act in the Supreme Court. In the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Georgia citing that the Cherokees was not a foreign nation. In a second case, Worcester v. Georgia however, the Supreme Court overruled the previous decision by concluding that Georgia had no jurisdiction within the Cherokee territory. This was a decisive victory for the Cherokees that was short-lived. President Jackson countered by saying, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Jackson's attitude toward Native Americans was paternalistic and patronizing. Jackson saw the Native Americans was children in need of adult guidance. During his presidency, Jackson's administration succeeded at relocating 46,000 Native Americans.

Abraham Lincoln


The president during the beginning of the Reconstruction period (as well as during the Civil War), who formulated the 10% plan, which stated that if 10% of the white voters in a former state pledged loyalty to the Union, it would be readmitted. However, it is clear that Lincoln did not intend that this 10 percent plan be followed for all of the former Confederate States. In fact, he intended for this ten percent plan to be applied to states such as Louisiana and Texas, whereas for North Carolina and Virgina he was willing to use old rebel governments in the transition from war to peace. He clearly opposed the appointment of carpetbaggers for office in the South; instead he supported allowing Southern states to work out a proper integrated government for themselves. A program of education for the freedmen, he thought, was essential for preparing them for their new status. He also suggested that the vote be given immediately to some Negroes--"as, for instance, the very intelligent, and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks." On the question of reconstruction, however, Lincoln and the extremists of his own party stood even farther apart in early 1865 than a year before. Some of the radicals were beginning to demand a period of military occupation for the South, the confiscation of planter estates and their division among the freedmen, and the transfer of political power from the planters to their former slaves. Prior to his death it seemed that Lincoln was indeed moving over closer to these radical views.

Andrew Johnson


The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The President was assassinated on April 14, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned the following:
  • Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath

  • No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000

  • A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted

  • A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted.
Most of the seceded states began compliance with the President’s program. Congress was not in session, so there was no immediate objection from that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the Southern representatives.

Alexander Stevens


The former vice-president of the Confederacy, who was elected to Congress and contributed to the pro-Southern policies that immediately followed the war under Johnson. He was engaged, at the beginning of February, 1865, in an abortive peace negotiation, or conference, in the discharge of which he was received, with his fellow commissioners, by President Lincoln, in an interview on board a steamer in Hampton Roads. The Southern commissioners were not disposed or empowered to accept the terms of restoration offered by the President, and the meeting resulted in nothing more than an informal conversation. Georgia legislators named him to the U.S. Senate in January 1866. Outraged Northerners refused to allow the former Confederate vice-president a seat so quickly after the war and began to impose harsher terms of Reconstruction. True to his nature, Stephens rejected any hint of compromise with the North. An accidental fall had left him unable to walk without assistance, but his district elected him to his old house seat in 1873. Georgia by then having complied with congressional demands, Stephens took his seat, holding it until 1882. Elected governor of Georgia that year, he died in early 1883.

Those like Alexander Stevens contributed to the Black Codes. The southern States were also starting to create Black Codes, laws that restricted the rights and movements of the newly freed African Americans. The Black Codes consisted of:

The Black Codes and Johnson's white supremacist attitude angered the Republicans in Congress, but as the President continually vetoed their bills, they were powerless to change anything. However, after the Election of 1866 Republicans controlled Congress with more than a two-thirds majority in the House and the Senate, and now had the means to implement their version of Reconstruction.

Thaddeus Stevens


One of the many "Radical Republicans" who were unhappy with the way the post-bellum era was going. He argued that it was important to achieve racial equality by any means necessary, including by giving land from former slave owners to the former slaves. In the traditional view of Reconstruction, Thaddeus Stevens was the evil genius who wrecked President Andrew Johnson's lenient policy and turned the South over to the depredations of "black rule." Today, he is seen more sympathetically, as an outspoken foe of slavery who sought to accord blacks the rights of American citizenship and to provide an economic underpinning for their freedom. To Stevens, Reconstruction offered an opportunity to create a "perfect republic," shorn of racial inequality. As Republican floor leader, he shepherded to passage key measures of Congressional Reconstruction — the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment, and the Reconstruction Act of 1867 — even though none of these was as radical as he desired. He was one of President Johnson's fiercest congressional critics and an early advocate of his impeachment.

Nathan Bedford Forrest


A white supremacist who founded the Ku Klux Klan and fought against racial equality. However, his views were not the radically absurd views they seem like today. The General Forrest actually believed that what he was doing was best for the country, and under his Wizardry the Klan was not the brutal organization that it later became.
An excerpt from an interview with General Forrest

"What are your feelings towards the federal government, general?"

"I loved the old government in 1861. I loved the old Constitution yet. I think it is the best government in the world, if administered as it was before the war. I do not hate it; I am opposing now only the radical revolutionists who are trying to destroy it. I believe that party to be composed, as I know it is in Tennessee, of the worst men on Gods earth-men who would not hesitate at no crime, and who have only one object in view-to enrich themselves."

"What is the character of the organization [regarding the nature of the Ku Klux Klan]; May I inquire?"

"Yes, sir. It is a protective political military organization. I am willing to show any man the constitution of the society. The members are sworn to recognize the government of the United States. It does not say anything at all about the government of Tennessee. Its objects originally were protection against Loyal Leagues and the Grand Army of the Republic; but after it became general it was found that political matters and interests could best be promoted within it, and it was then made a political organization, giving it support, of course, to the democratic party."

"But is the organization connected throughout the state?"

"Yes, it is. In each voting precinct there is a captain, who, in addition to his other duties, is required to make out a list of names of men in his precinct, giving all the radicals and all the democrats who are positively known, and showing also the doubtful on both sides and of both colors. This list of names is forwarded to the grand commander of the State, who is thus enabled to know are our friends and who are not."

Frederick Douglass


A former slave who fought for equality and argued that blacks would not achieve equality until they had an economic base in property. Frederick Douglass wrote an extensive article detailing the lack of structure in attempting to reconstruct the war-torn nation. In this excerpt he details his disappointment with the state of affairs at the time: "Whether the tremendous war so heroically fought and so victoriously ended shall pass into history a miserable failure, barren of permanent results. ...an attempt to re-establish a Union by force, which must be the merest mockery of a Union,--an effort to bring under Federal authority States into which no loyal man from the North may safely enter...

This shows his determination to establish the Union. His sentiments echo those of Abraham Lincoln, in their determination to restore Union before the punishment of those who seceded.

"A solid nation, based upon loyalty, liberty, and equality, must be determined one way or the other by the present session of Congress. The last session really did nothing which can be considered final as to these questions. The Civil Rights Bill and the Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the proposed constitutional amendments, with the amendment already adopted and recognized as the law of the land...

He is referring to the 3 most important amendments during the Civil War Era.

"The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book...

This clearly foreshadows the turmoil faced by African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement.

"Slavery, like all other great systems of wrong, founded in the depths of human selfishness, and existing for ages, has not neglected its own conservation."

The Full Text of this Article may be found at: http://www.online-literature.com/frederick_douglass/989/



Bibliography for Quarter 4

http://www.polisci.ccsu.edu/trieb/early.HTM
- Is an excellent source of legislation from any era.

http://www.erasofelegance.com/asianhistory.html
- Source of interesting information regarding the anti-asian sentiments during this era [1900 - 1945]

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/depwwii/unions/unions.html
- Primary source encounter with much of the Great Depression Legislation

http://www.archives.gov/records_of_congress/senate_guide/chapter_13_immigration.html
- Another excellent primary source detailing the Senate committee records throughout this era

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm
- The brilliant Yale law site with the full texts of any legislature you may ever want to know about

http://college.hmco.com/history/us/resources/students/index.html
- Very helpful regarding most aspects of U.S. History, especially the Reader's Companion

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=home.att.net/~coachbb/01Depression1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://home.att.net/~coachbb/01NewDealDBQ1.html&h=577&w=347&sz=27&tbnid=xtKFYZnONMMJ:&tbnh=131&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGreat%2BDepression%2BCharts%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DISO-8859-1%26safe%3Dactive
- Good source of AP type information and appropriate charts to accompany them

http://www.maps.com/ushistory
- Most comprehensive set of maps I have ever found - useful for more occasions than APX

United States of America. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Boston: Brown, Little, 1845.
- This book provides an excellent reference source for public states.

Kindig, Thomas. "U.S. History." Laws and Resolutions. 28 Dec. 2003. Independence Hall Association. 28 Dec. 2003 http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/index.htm
- This site has a complete list of important laws and resolutions in United States History.

Bibliography for Quarter 3

Primary Sources

http://memory.loc.gov/const/amend.html
- Has the full text of all the Amendments of the Constitution.

Baron, Robert C. Soul of America: Documenting Our Past, 1492-1974. Fulcrum, Inc. Golden, Colorado. (1989).
- This book contains the full text of numerous important documents and amendments throughout America's history

Secondary Sources

http://www.merriam-webster.com/
- Useful for hard-to-find definitions.

http://www.usconstitution.net/constamnotes.html
- Good background information for amendments, plus good summaries of the amendments.

http://www.oyez.org/oyez/frontpage
- U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia, has portraits and information about all of the Supreme Court Justices.

Bibliography for Quarter 2

Primary Sources

The Currency Act http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=650
- This site was used several times in order to find appropriate information regarding the Acts used by Britain on the colonies.

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/
- This site is a primary source that provides journals regarding the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.

The Quartering Act of 1765 http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=649
- See Quartering Act

The Stamp Act http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/stampact.htm
- See Quartering Act

Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Leonard Labaree, et al. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.
- This is a primary source and contains Franklin's life history plus his thoughts on American Independence and national government.

http://www.yaf.com/firstcongress.shtml
- Primary source, contains text from Journals of Congress about declarations and resolves of the First Continental Congress

http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/mayflow.html
- This site provides the full text of the Mayflower Compact.

http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/orders.html
- This site provides the full text of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

http://www.multied.com/documents/MassCircular.html
- This site provides the full text of the Circular Letter.

http://www.nationalcenter.org/1775DeclarationofArms.html
- This site provides the full text of the 1775 Declaration of Causes and Necessities.

Baron, Robert C. Soul of America: Documenting Our Past, 1492-1974. Fulcrum, Inc. Golden, Colorado. (1989).
- This book contains the full text of numerous important documents and amendments throughout America's history

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3083.html
- Cherokee letter protesting the Treaty of New Etocha

Secondary Sources

The Awesome Cartoon on the Opening Page is from:http://www.flamingtext.com
- This site creates images for all the buttons used in this site.

Thanks also to http://www.dictionary.com
- An excellent site which enables users to look up definitions for many words, and also offers numerous other writing tools such as a thesaurus and a translating device.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html
- Excellent, easy to read information about all aspects of Indian Removal

http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.recon.html
- Very brief outline of Reconstruction during the postbellum era

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h180.html
- Brief summary of Radical Reconstruction, and highlights the important points

The Maryland Colonial Government http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/mdmanual/22dpscs/html/dpscsf.html
- A site from the Maryland Judicial System that explains in detail the Maryland Court System during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The Trial of John Peter Zenger. The Annals of America (Vol. 1, pp. (397-417)). Chicago,
Illinois: Encyclopedia Britannica, INC. 1968.
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zenger.html
Accessed on December 17, 2003.
- This site includes an in depth look at this famous trial.

United States of America. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Boston: Brown, Little, 1845.
- This book provides an excellent reference source for public states.

Kindig, Thomas. "U.S. History." Laws and Resolutions. 28 Dec. 2003. Independence Hall Association. 28 Dec. 2003 http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/index.htm
- This site has a complete list of important laws and resolutions in United States History.

The Townshend Acts http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/townshend.htm
- Provides a complete overview of these Acts proposed by Charles Townshend.

http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/chart.art.html
- Excellent site - impressive chart comparing the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0857513.html
- This site contains a helpful summary of the Articles of Confederation.

Newman, John J. and Schmalbach, John M. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination (Revised). New York: AMSCO School Publications, Inc. 2002.
- This is an AP Review Book that contains all of the history of the United States in a condensed, easy to read format.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h650.html
- Provides a brief outline of the First Continental Congress and links to more details

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h656.html
- Provides a brief outline of the Second Continental Congress and links to more details

http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/famous.htm
- This site is a list of important Native Americans in history and sites that talk about them.

http://dekalb.dc.peachnet.edu/~yliu/classes/hist/jefferson.html
- This site provides a description of Jefferson's Ordinance of Religious Freedom

http://www.pbs.org/williamsburg/jjustice.html
- This site describes the judicial system in Colonial Virginia.

http://www.bchm.org/exhibits/past.htm
- This site contains beautiful images and summarized information about the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Recovery.

Bibliography for Quarter 1

Primary Sources

Alien Registration. Spartacus Educational. 6 Oct. 2003 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAalien.htm.
- This site has primary source statements made by Eugene Dennis, Louis Budenz, and Howard Zinn considering the Smith Act.

Backgrounder on the Civil Rights Act. U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of International Information Programs. 11 Oct. 2003 http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/39.htm.
- This is the original document of the Civil Rights Act as released by the U.S. Department of State.

Baron, Robert C. Soul of America: Documenting Our Past, 1492-1974. Fulcrum, Inc. Golden, Colorado. (1989).
- This book contains the full text of numerous important documents and amendments throughout America's history

GI BILL Act of June 22, 1944. Higher-Ed.org. 12 Oct. 2003 http://www.higher-ed.org/resources/GI_bill.htm
- This site links to the original document of the GI Bill Act.

Internal Security Act. Spartacus Educational. 20 Sept. 2003 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAinternal.htm
- This site has primary source statements made by President Truman and Pauli Murray considering the Internal Security Act.

Irons, Peter, and Guitton, Stephanie. May It Please the Court…. The New Press. New York. 1993.
- This book is a great primary source because it has 23 edited transcriptions of cases from 1935 to 1993.

Larry Shepard, Petitioner v. National Labor Relations Board. U.S. Department of Justice. 10 Oct. 2003 http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/1982/sg820134.txt
- This is a primary source case dealing with the Landrum-Griffith Act and Taft-Hartley Act

Weingroff, Richard F. Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System. U.S. Department of Transportation. 9 Oct. 2003 http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96e.htm
- The site is extremely detailed and well-written. It contains several primary source pictures of the planning behind the highways.

Chase, Harold W. The Constitution: Amendments. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2002. http://www.grolier.com/presidents/aae/side/amend.html.
- This site has useful links to the full text of all the amendments.

Secondary Sources

Ball, Howard, “Burger, Warren Earl.” Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online. 2002. http://go.grolier.com
- This source is an encyclopedia entry that contains an informative biography on Warren Burger.

Ball, Howard, “Warren, Earl.” Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online. 2002. http://go.grolier.com
- This source is an encyclopedia entry that contains an informative biography on Earl Warren.

Fair Deal. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2000. http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/aae/side/fairdeal.html.
- This site has a concise summary of the Fair Deal and its impact.

Goldman, Jerry. US Supreme Court Justices. OYEC. 17 Sept. 2003 http://www.oyez.org/oyez/portlet/justices/
This source gives comprehensible biographies and statistics on the Supreme Court justices.

law.com. 17 Sept. 2003    http://dictionary.law.com/
- This source is a useful site for finding law terms and definitions.

National Security Act of 1947. Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 12 Oct. 2003 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603.htm
- This is an informative summary about the National Security Act of 1947 given by the U.S. Dept. of State.

“No Child Left Behind” Act (ESEA). National Education Association. 20 Sept. 2003 http://www.nea.org/esea/
- This site gives a good summary of the ESEA.

Rankin, Bill. “Fred Vinson Reassessed: ‘Terrible’ chief justice cleared path to reforms.”
- Helpful source that contains invaluable information about Chief Justice Vinson

The Atlanta Journal 14 Sep. 2003: F5.
- This article articulates the changing perception of Vinson from a retrospective point of view.

Schuqurensky, Daniel. 1944 GI Bill of Rights. OISE/University of Toronto. 13 Oct. 2003 http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1944gibill.html - This is a comprehensive website that outlines the impact of the GI Bill.

Seay, Harry. “Warren Court outlined in detail.” Tulsa World 13 Jul. 2003: H10.
- This article gives a detailed analysis of how the Warren Court impacted history.

Supreme Court Opinions. FindLaw. 13 Oct. 2003 http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html
- This is a good website that has a search engine to actual Supreme Court decisions.

“Taft-Hartley Labor Act.” The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press. 20 Sept. 2003 http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/bus/A0847620.html
- This site is an encyclopedia entry concerning the Taft-Hartley Act.